An Ukrainian serviceman walks through a trench on the front line in the Luhansk area, eastern Ukraine
The Kremlin says there is "little ground for optimism" in resolving the crisis over Ukraine after the US rejected Russia's main demands, but that dialogue was still possible.
Tensions have soared in recent weeks, as the United States and its Nato allies expressed concern that a buildup of about 100,000 Russian troops near Ukraine signalled that Moscow planned to invade its ex-Soviet neighbour. Russia denies having any such designs — and has laid out a series of demands it says will improve security in Europe.
But as expected, the US and the Western alliance firmly rejected any concessions on Moscow's main points, refusing to permanently ban Ukraine from joining Nato and saying allied deployments of troops and military equipment in Eastern Europe are non-negotiable. The US did outline areas in which some of Russia's concerns might be addressed, possibly offering a path to de-escalation.
"There is no change, there will be no change," US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said, repeating the warning that any Russian incursion into Ukraine would be met with massive consequences and severe economic costs.
All eyes are now on President Vladimir Putin, who will decide how Russia will respond amid fears that Europe could again be plunged into war.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters that the response from the US — and a similar one from Nato — left "little ground for optimism". But he added that "there always are prospects for continuing a dialogue, it's in the interests of both us and the Americans".
Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said the US response contained some elements that could lead to "the start of a serious talk on secondary issues", but emphasised that "the document contains no positive response on the main issue". Those are Moscow's demands that Nato not expand and that the alliance refrain from deploying weapons that might threaten Russia.
Lavrov said top officials will submit proposals to Putin. Peskov said the Russian reaction would come soon.
The evasive official comments reflect the fact that it is Putin who will single-handedly determine Russia's next moves. He has warned of unspecified "military-technical measures" if the West refuses to heed the demands.
Peskov added that Putin and US President Joe Biden will decide whether they need to have another conversation following two calls last month.
Biden is set to have a call with Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, according to Zelenskyy's spokesman.
Ukraine's Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba said Kyiv had seen the US response before it was delivered to Russia and had no objections. He tweeted it was "important that the US remains in close contact with Ukraine before and after all contacts with Russia."
On a visit to Denmark, Kuleba emphasised his country's need to strengthen its defences.
"This crisis is a moment of truth, and this is why we speak about weapons," he said. "This is why we speak about economic sanctions. This is why we speak about the consolidated position of all of us, so that President Putin sees that there are no weak links in our defensive chain."
Germany's Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock said during a parliamentary debate on Ukraine that her government is closely coordinating its policy with allies, considering a range of options that could include the new Nord Stream 2 Russian gas pipeline to Germany.
While the diplomacy sputters on, so too do manoeuvres that have escalated tensions. Russia has launched a series of military drills involving motorised infantry and artillery units in southwestern Russia, warplanes in Kaliningrad on the Baltic Sea, dozens of warships in the Black Sea and the Arctic, and Russian fighter jets and paratroopers in Belarus.
Nato said it was bolstering its deterrence in the Baltic Sea region, and the US ordered 8500 troops on higher alert for potential deployment to Europe.
Amid the tensions, thousands of Ukrainians expressed their resolve to stand up to the Russian pressure under the hashtag #UkrainiansWillResist on Twitter and Facebook.
"No one will force Ukrainians to accept the Kremlin ultimatum," wrote Andrii Levus, who initiated the campaign.
As war fears mounted, Ukraine's Interior Ministry organised training on acting in emergency situations, with an emphasis on dealing with explosives.
Beyond concerns about a possible Russian offensive in Ukraine, there also has been speculation that Moscow's response could include military deployments to the Western Hemisphere.
While a senior Russian diplomat recently refused to rule out such deployments to Cuba and Venezuela, a top Putin associate expressed scepticism Thursday at that prospect.
"Cuba and Venezuela are aiming to come out of isolation and restore normal relations with the US to a certain extent, so there can't be any talk about setting up a base there as happened during the Soviet times," Dmitry Medvedev, a deputy head of Russia's Security Council, told Russian media.
While he charged that the West is using Ukraine as a way to contain Russia, he sombrely acknowledged that a Russia-Nato conflict "would be the most dramatic and simply catastrophic scenario, and I hope it will never happen."
Russian Foreign Ministry spokesman Alexei Zaitsev reaffirmed a denial that Moscow has any intention to attack Ukraine, saying: "We consider even a thought about a war between our peoples unacceptable."
While concerns about a possible Russian attack linger, a separatist conflict simmers in Ukraine. Following the 2014 ouster of a Kremlin-friendly president in Kyiv, Moscow annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and backed an insurgency in the country's eastern industrial heartland. Fighting between Ukrainian forces and Russia-backed rebels has killed over 14,000 people, and efforts to reach a settlement have stalled.
Since the conflict began, Russia has been accused of sending troops and weapons to the separatists, something it has denied. On Thursday, Peskov wouldn't comment on a proposal from the Kremlin's main political party, United Russia, which suggested that Moscow respond to the delivery of Western weapons to Ukraine by sending arms to the rebels. He added that Putin is aware of the proposal but had no immediate reaction.
Envoys from Ukraine, Russia, France and Germany met in Paris on Wednesday to discuss ways to resolve that conflict, reaching no visible progress but agreeing to hold another meeting in two weeks. Zelenskyy praised the talks as "constructive" and urged a quick meeting of the four countries' leaders.
Medvedev, however, said that Moscow sees no point in talking to Zelenskyy, voicing hope that Ukrainians would eventually become "weary of that bedlam and elect the leadership that would pursue policies ... aimed at normal economic relations with Russia."
That comment follows a British claim that the Kremlin was seeking to replace Ukraine's government with a pro-Moscow administration — an allegation Russia denied.