Illustration / Rod Emmerson
Reports by two consortiums of investigative journalists purport to have exposed the dealings and offshore accounts of some of Russian President Vladimir Putin's closest associates.
They don't name him as a beneficiary of any account, suggesting that Putin is as poor as a church mouse - or would be if he ever lost power.
The investigations were published by the Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project and the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, respectively.
The first names St Petersburg businessman Grigory Bayevskiy as someone who provided valuable real estate to, among others, Katerina Tikhonova, reportedly Putin's daughter.
The second, potentially more damaging investigation is based on the Panama Papers, the gigantic leak of data belonging to Mossack Fonseca, the Panama law firm that assists clients in setting up offshore companies - all legally, according to a statement by the law firm. The report names Sergei Roldugin, a St Petersburg musician and godfather of one of Putin's daughters, as the beneficiary of shell companies that were involved in complex transactions with entities the journalists linked to a number of businessmen also associated with Putin.
At a media forum in St Petersburg yesterday, Putin denied having any links to offshore accounts and described the Panama Papers scandal as part of Western efforts to weaken Russia.
However, the ICIJ report talks of a "Putin network" of companies set up by the managers of Bank Rossiya, a financial institution owned by several long-time Putin associates. The United States placed the bank under sanctions following the Russian aggression against Ukraine. Putin responded by opening a personal account with the bank.
Transactions carried out by the shell companies Bank Rossiya allegedly created feature easy-term loans from the Cyprus subsidiary of the Russian Government-owned bank, VTB. Hundreds of millions of dollars were then allegedly reloaned to other companies in the "Putin network". According to the ICIJ investigation, the loans were typically unsecured and the paperwork indicated that repayment might not be expected. All of this activity may well have been legal, too.
VTB chief Andrey Kostin denied his bank had made unsecured loans.
Perhaps the most striking fact about these revelations, though, is that there is no sign of Putin or his family members among the beneficiaries of the businesses involved. Indeed, Kostin dismissed any suggestion of a connection to Putin as "bullshit".
The ICIJ report said: "Audio recordings and witness accounts show that even when Putin's closest confidants privately discuss his financial dealings, they use pseudonyms for him or simply gesture to the heavens rather than utter his name".
I am not aware of any recordings or credible witness accounts of Putin confidants discussing his personal financial dealings. Even if such testimony existed, no man can be indicted on the basis of his friends' gestures or use of affectionate nicknames.
Having access to an offshore incorporator's internal files and emails allows journalists the rarest of opportunities - to track the entire beneficiary chain of some of the most secretive firms in the world, often set up for the very purpose of concealing the beneficiaries' identities.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, born in Leningrad on October 7, 1952, doesn't appear on any incorporation papers. He doesn't own or control any of the assets involved.
Putin the institution, however, is a tangible presence. Bank Rossiya shareholders, big government contract winners such as Putin's former judo sparring partner Arkady Rotenberg, lesser-known St Petersburg businessmen who knew Putin when he was a city official in the 1990s or a KGB officer in earlier decades - all of these people made their fortunes under the Putin regime. There's nothing surprising about their access to cheap state bank funds, or about the "consulting" and "lobbying" contracts they received from less-connected businesses. In a dictatorial regime, the dictator's cronies make money; their network is the fabric of power.
Putin is not stealing Russia's vast wealth; he's handing some of it over to trusted individuals to manage. In the process, they are very likely to profit from that wealth. He maintains good relationships with these people. He also controls the business environment so tightly that they can't risk betraying him.
Is this an arrangement that should anger Russian citizens? Of course it is. That Putin's cronies are a predatory, parasitical, privileged class of businessmen was known long before the Panama dump.
The Kremlin refused to respond to the investigative groups' questions on the grounds that these questions have been asked "more than once in different variations", and that's true. What has always been missing is the final link to Putin the man.
And, given the nature of the data used in the ICIJ investigation, perhaps it's time to admit that no such link exists.
Putin doesn't own yachts or palaces; he has no US$200 billion ($294.8 billion) fortune, as sometimes speculated. He is not "secretly the world's richest man". However, as the former KGB case officer that he is, Putin does surround himself with a network of people who have indeed become rich.
Because he is the President, these people count on their association with Putin to help them make money. Because they count on their association with him, he - as someone who can take away both the opportunities and the assets - has the ability to call on the proceeds should he need them. The Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project's investigation into Bayevskiy's real estate deals shows how that may work.
This approach is different from, but reminiscent of, the scheme once run by Boris Berezovsky, the billionaire who claimed to have helped make Putin President in 2000. Berezovsky, who apparently killed himself in Britain in 2013, pioneered a business scheme under which an asset remains under government control, but its managers are "privatised" - corrupted, in more conventional terms. They then milk the state company in the interests of their "buyer".
Putin is not stealing Russia's vast wealth; he's handing some of it over to trusted individuals to manage.
In the process, they are very likely to profit from that wealth. He maintains good relationships with these people. He also controls the business environment so tightly that they can't risk betraying him. He can also have his network do whatever he might require extra-budgetary funds to do (the US$50 billion Sochi Winter Olympics springs to mind).
If Putin is ever overthrown, he will be as difficult to convict on charges of corruption as former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and his associates have been.
After all, they had only imitated what Putin was doing in Russia.
Putin, however, has no obvious contingency plan in case he's overthrown. The financial arrangements described by the ICIJ on the basis of the Panama files would leave him with nothing if he ceased to be Putin the institution, as well as the man.
This system, which rests on Putin's ability to control a network of friends and associates, does not allow for any upheavals.
He is gambling his future wellbeing on his ability to maintain a firm grip on power. If that seems foolhardy for one of the world's shrewdest politicians, it may not be.
Yanukovych fled to Russia after Ukrainians ousted him in 2014. Putin would have nowhere to go if removed, even if he had amassed wealth in his own name.
Too many in the West would gleefully hunt him down. He has no option but to remain at the centre of the web he has created, its hostage as much as its controller.
- Washington Post-Bloomberg
Iran condemned the US attacks, calling them 'outrageous' and 'criminal.'