New York's attorney general is suing the New York Police Department, calling the rough treatment of protesters against racial injustice last spring part of a longstanding pattern of abuse that stemmed from inadequate training, supervision and discipline.
Letitia James' lawsuit includes dozens of examples of alleged misconduct during the spring demonstrations in the wake of George Floyd's police killing, including the use of pepper spray and batons on protesters, trapping demonstrators with a technique called kettling and arresting medics and legal observers.
"We found a pattern of deeply concerning and unlawful practices that the NYPD utilised in response to these largely peaceful protests," James said at a news conference announcing the lawsuit.
James, a Democrat, was tasked by Governor Andrew Cuomo with investigating whether NYPD officers used excessive force to quell unrest and enforce Mayor Bill de Blasio's nightly curfew. She issued a preliminary report in July that cited a "clear breakdown of trust between police and the public".
James is seeking reforms including the appointment of a federal monitor to oversee the NYPD's policing tactics at future protests and a court order declaring that the policies and practices the department used during the protests were unlawful.
The lawsuit in federal court named the city, de Blasio, police Commissioner Dermot Shea and Chief of Department Terence Monahan as defendants. James criticised de Blasio for saying the use of kettling was justified and Shea for saying that the NYPD "had a plan which was executed nearly flawlessly" when officers aggressively cracked down on protesters on June 4 in the Bronx.
In June, at the height of the protests, de Blasio was accused of misleading the city when he told reporters that he personally saw "no use of force around peaceful protests", even after officers had been caught on video moving on demonstrators without provocation and bashing them with batons.
De Blasio said he met James on Wednesday and that they share the goal of pushing for major police reforms, such as implementing recommendations in previous reports on the NYPD's protest response. De Blasio, also a Democrat, said however that he did not agree a lawsuit was the solution.
"A court process and the added bureaucracy of a federal monitor will not speed up this work.
"There is no time to waste and we will continue to press forward."
John Miller, the NYPD's deputy commissioner of intelligence and counterterrorism, said the department is committed to reform but that James' lawsuit "doesn't seem to meet the standard for a federal monitor, and it doesn't seem to illustrate a pattern and practice" as required.
The head of the city's largest police union blamed a "failure of New York City's leadership" for sending officers "to police unprecedented protests and violent riots with no plan, no strategy and no support".
"They should be forced to answer for the resulting chaos, instead of pointing fingers at cops on the streets and ignoring the criminals who attacked us with bricks and firebombs," Police Benevolent Association president Pat Lynch said.
James' lawsuit is the second major legal action to stem from the NYPD's handling of the protests.
In October, the New York Civil Liberties Union and the Legal Aid Society sued the city on behalf of protesters who say they were assaulted and abused by police.
A civil rights organisation and a city watchdog agency have also criticised the department's actions.
Human Rights Watch issued a report in November on the Bronx crackdown and the city's inspector general issued a report in December that found that the NYPD was caught off guard by the size of the protests and resorted to aggressive tactics that stoked tensions and stifled free speech.
Mark Winston Griffith, a spokesman for the advocacy group Communities United for Police Reform applauded the lawsuit, saying: "NYPD violence against protesters is a long-standing problem and it's a credit to Attorney General James that she's using the power of her office to challenge the systemic lack of accountability for this violence."
In a joint statement, the NYCLU and Legal Aid Society said: "We hope this will be the beginning of a serious reckoning over police violence and militarised use of force against protesters, especially people of color, and a check on the impunity many officers have come to see as their right."