The US has approved a third vaccine to prevent Covid-19, as the Food and Drug Administration today cleared a Johnson & Johnson shot that works with just one dose instead of two.
New Zealand's Government has signed an in-principle agreement to purchase up to 5 million doses of the vaccine, which was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica, a Belgium-based division of Johnson & Johnson.
NZ has also signed agreements with Pfizer (up to 1.5m doses), Novavax ((10.72m doses) and AstraZeneca (7.6m doses) - all of which require two shots.
Health experts are anxiously awaiting a one-and-done option to help speed vaccinations, as they race against a virus that has already killed more than 2.5 million people worldwide and is mutating in increasingly worrisome ways.
The FDA said J&J's vaccine offers strong protection against what matters most: serious illness, hospitalisations and death. One dose was 85 per cent protective against the most severe Covid-19 illness in a massive study that spanned three continents — protection that remained strong even in countries such as South Africa, where the variants of most concern are spreading.
"This is really good news," said Dr Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health. "The most important thing we can do right now is to get as many shots in as many arms as we can."
J&J initially is providing a few million doses to the US and shipments to states could begin as early as Tuesday NZT. By the end of March, J&J has said, it expects to deliver 20 million doses to the US, and 100 million by their summer.
J&J also is seeking authorisation for emergency use of its vaccine in Europe and from the World Health Organisation. Worldwide, the company aims to produce about 1 billion doses globally by the end of the year. On Thursday, the island nation of Bahrain became the first to clear its use.
"This is exciting news for all Americans, and an encouraging development in our efforts to bring an end to the crisis," US President Joe Biden said in a statement. "But I want to be clear: this fight is far from over," he added, encouraging people to stick with masks and other public health measures.
A US advisory committee will meet tomorrow to recommend how to prioritise use of the single-dose vaccine. And one big challenge is what the public wants to know: which kind is better?
"In this environment, whatever you can get — get," said Dr Arnold Monto of the University of Michigan, who chaired an FDA advisory panel that unanimously voted yesterday that the vaccine's benefits outweigh its risks.
Data is mixed on how well all the vaccines being used around the world work, prompting reports in some countries of people refusing one kind to wait for another.
In the US, the two-dose Pfizer and Moderna shots were 95 per cent protective against symptomatic Covid-19. J&J's one-dose effectiveness of 85 per cent against severe Covid-19 dropped to 66 per cent when moderate cases were rolled in.
But there's no apples-to-apples comparison because of differences in when and where each company conducted its studies, with the Pfizer and Moderna research finished before concerning variants began spreading.
The NIH's Collins said the evidence shows no reason to favour one vaccine over another.
"What people I think are mostly interested in is, is it going to keep me from getting really sick?" Collins said. "Will it keep me from dying from this terrible disease? The good news is all of these say yes to that."
Also, J&J is testing two doses of its vaccine in a separate large study. Collins said if a second dose eventually is deemed better, people who got one earlier would be offered another.
The FDA cautioned that it's too early to tell if someone who gets a mild or asymptomatic infection despite vaccination still could spread the virus.
There are clear advantages aside from the convenience of one shot. Local health officials are looking to use the J&J option in mobile vaccination clinics, homeless shelters, even with sailors who are spending months on fishing vessels — communities where it's hard to be sure someone will come back in three to four weeks for a second vaccination.
The J&J vaccine is also easier to handle, lasting three months in the refrigerator compared to the Pfizer and Moderna options, which must be frozen.
"We're chomping at the bit to get more supply. That's the limiting factor for us right now," said Dr Matt Anderson of UW Health in Madison, Wisconsin.
The FDA said studies detected no serious side effects. Like other Covid-19 vaccines, the main side effects of the J&J shot are pain at the injection site and flu-like fever, fatigue and headache.
An FDA fact sheet for vaccine recipients says there is "a remote chance" that people may experience a severe allergic reaction to the shot, a rare risk seen with the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. Such reactions are treatable, and vaccine recipients are supposed to be briefly monitored after the injection.
The vaccine has been authorised for emergency use in the US in adults 18 and older for now. But like other manufacturers, J&J is about to study how it works in teens before moving to younger children later in the year, and also plans a study in pregnant women.
All Covid-19 vaccines train the body to recognise the new coronavirus, usually by spotting the spiky protein that coats it. But they're made in very different ways.
J&J's shot uses a cold virus like a Trojan horse to carry the spike gene into the body, where cells make harmless copies of the protein to prime the immune system in case the real virus comes along. It's the same technology the company used in making an Ebola vaccine, and similar to Covid-19 vaccines made by AstraZeneca and China's CanSino Biologics.
The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are made with a different technology, a piece of genetic code called messenger RNA that spurs cells to make those harmless spike copies.
The AstraZeneca vaccine, already used in Britain and numerous other countries, is finishing a large US study needed for FDA clearance.
Also in the pipeline, Novavax uses a still different technology, made with lab-grown copies of the spike protein, and has reported preliminary findings from a British study suggesting strong protection.
Still other countries are using "inactivated vaccines" made with killed coronavirus by Chinese companies Sinovac and Sinopharm.