A protester holds up a sign during a protest of US President Donald Trump's travel ban in January 2017. Photos / AP file
She was the face of mass protest, but long ago lost her faith in protesting.
Then, last year, thousands of women set out to march on Washington, and Jan Rose Kasmir knew she had to join them.
"When Trump was elected president, I couldn't not participate. ... It seemed like the only way to get my voice out there," said Kasmir, 68, who was 17 when a photographer snapped a now-iconic image of her offering a chrysanthemum to National Guardsmen during a 1967 protest against the Vietnam War.
Kasmir gave up protesting when it failed to stop the Iraq War in 2003.
But after the 2017 Women's March, she rallied for gun control near her home in Hilton Head, South Carolina, joining millions of Americans demanding change.
"I think we've reached a tipping point," Kasmir said.
There's something happening here. But what is it, exactly, and why now?
More than five decades after Americans poured into the streets to demand civil rights and the end to a deeply unpopular war, thousands are embracing a culture of resistance unlike anything since.
NFL players have taken a knee during the national anthem. Teachers have packed statehouses to demand raises. Activists proclaiming "#MeToo," have called out those who have abused them.
"We're in a moment where people are frustrated with institutional politics and where people see urgent issues that need addressing and for a moment they believe that taking action can make a difference," said David Meyer, a professor at the University of California, Irvine and author of The Politics of Protest: Social Movements in America.
Opposition to US President Donald Trump has clearly been a catalyst, he and others said.
In November, the Midterm elections will be held, with the Democrats aiming to take control of Congress from the Republicans. Soon afterwards the starting gun will fire on the marathon 2020 election campaign.
For many activists on the left, "there's a great deal of fear that we may be living in the last days of this experiment in democratic self-rule, that Donald Trump's election may mark a fatal turning point," said Maurice Isserman, a professor of history at Hamilton College.
But many protesters speak for causes beyond electoral politics, including concerns like shooting deaths or racial discrimination predating Trump's political rise.
Much the same can be said of the turnout by white supremacists, likely reflecting views held before Trump's election.
Such protests "didn't spontaneously combust," said Todd Gitlin, who in the 1960s was president of the activist group Students for a Democratic Society and has studied protest movements as a professor at Columbia University. "There are deep cleavages that are in play and they will manifest themselves in a variety of ways."
Recent protests have drawn together broad coalitions. In Charlotte, North Carolina, Rachel Hewitt returned to protesting for the first time since the early 1980s, when she marched in support of the Equal Rights Amendment. The catalyst this time was Trump, whose election left Hewitt deeply depressed.
So Hewitt, who is 65, white and works as a freelance graphic artist, boarded a bus, alone, to join the Women's March.
The shared sense of purpose she found was "life-altering," she said.
When students from south Florida's Parkland High School organised the "March for Our Lives" last month in Washington, Hewitt chartered a bus.
"It's just thrilling to see that they very well could do what we weren't able to do," Hewitt said. She points to 16-year-old Amya Burse, who organised a safety task force and a rally at her Charlotte high school after the Parkland killings.
Burse said she has been jarred to action by a lockdown last northern autumn when a student brought a gun to school. But social media have alerted her to protests against other causes.
"When we started seeing one group getting enough success, we started realising, well, maybe we can do something for myself," said Burse, who is black and a junior.
The dexterity, particularly of young people, in using video and social media to shape their message have enabled them to organise quickly and effectively, Meyer said.
The burst of activism has germinated for years, said Christopher Schmidt, a professor at Chicago-Kent College of Law who has written about 1960s activism.
Occupy Wall Street protests in 2011 and the rise of Black Lives Matter two years later pointed to deep restlessness on the political left, raising awareness about issues that continue to resonate, he said.
Recent protests mark the first time since the 1960s that so many Americans have ventured into the streets. But there are at least many differences as similarities.
The '60s were a hopeful and expansive time for many young activists, despite the polarisation and anger that grew over time, Isserman said, but today's young protesters can't afford such idealism.
"Today we have a harder sense of the limits and the choices that have to be made," he said.
Obama Pens Tribute To Pro-Gun Control Parkland Survivors For TIME 100 https://t.co/ZnQXCYYBFI pic.twitter.com/USYKUwvopF
— Ben Shapiro (@benshapiro) April 19, 2018
The Parkland students, like black college students who organised sit-ins at white-owned lunch counters during the Civil Rights Era, embrace the message of older activists while rejecting their slowness in delivering results, Schmidt said.
But the 1960s were a watershed because protests became connected in a narrative of change, he said, and it's too soon to know whether today's activism will be similarly transformative.
Johanna Goldfarb was a medical student in 1970 when she joined a rally against America's war in Southeast Asia. She recalls feeling proud to take a stand.
Goldfarb, from the Cleveland suburb of Pepper Pike, said she joined the Women's March last year more out of fear about the country's direction than hope she could change it. But when the recently retired pediatrician joined a march to demand gun control, it reframed her mindset.
US policies in Vietnam "changed because of what people did, because people spoke up. And I have to tell you, a recurrence of that feeling came as I watched the high school students. I thought, 'Wow, these kids have energy. They know right from wrong and they know how to use the system."
Perhaps, Goldfarb says, the strength of protesters' number can yield lasting results.
"I'm not sure that this is a movement," she said. "But I'm hopeful."
-AP