Trees and nature in general provide us with enormous health and wellbeing benefits. Photo / 123rf
Trees and nature in general provide us with enormous health and wellbeing benefits. Photo / 123rf
Opinion by Margaret Stanley and Abigail Cunninghame - The Conversation
Margaret Stanley is a Professor of Ecology and Abigail Cunninghame is a Research Assistant from Biological Sciences. Both are from the University of Auckland, Waipapa Taumata Rau.
THREE KEY FACTS
Since the 1950s, there has been a decline in the time children spend outside.
Many Aucklandprimary schools lack diverse green spaces, with sports fields dominating the grounds, according to a recent survey.
Trees and vegetation can improve air quality and provide shade and UV protection from the sun.
Do schools and trees mix? You may have memories of shady playing areas and shelter belts by playing fields, but our recent study suggests this is increasingly an exception rather than a rule.
Trees are often seen as a health and safety risk, whether frombranches or the whole thing falling, or from children falling out of them. Many schools have banned pupils from climbing trees as a result.
Beyond that, trees are often seen as an optional “nice-to-have”. New Zealand’s current Minister of Education criticised extensive landscaping and bespoke design when announcing a review of school properties in early 2024.
But the benefits of trees and other vegetation in urban areas are well known, and increasingly important as housing density increases. Schools can play a significant role in encouraging the growth of “urban forests”.
Unfortunately, there are also large differences in tree canopy cover in New Zealand cities (and elsewhere in the world), with low socioeconomic areas often having low tree canopy cover.
This matters because trees and nature in general provide us with enormous health and wellbeing benefits, regardless of socioeconomic standing.
There's been a decline in the time spent outdoors by children since the 1950s. Photo / 123rf
Natural benefits
Very little is known about green spaces on local school grounds. So our research set out to survey the quantity and quality of green spaces in 64 urban primary schools in Auckland.
We conducted the survey in the context of several known factors about the role and place of nature in education:
There has been a decline in the time spent outdoors by children since the 1950s.
There is increasing evidence for the emotional and psychological benefits for children of connecting with nature.
Greening a school improves children’s appreciation for their daily environment and increases social wellbeing.
Highly vegetated schools provide a big opportunity to boost physical and mental health benefits for children, particularly in suburbs with low tree canopy cover.
Vegetation on school grounds can provide excellent opportunities for learning, particularly in science, with some evidence that greening increases academic achievement.
Trees and other vegetation can improve air quality at schools and provide shade and UV protection from the sun.
Because schools are fairly evenly distributed throughout cities and can have a large spatial footprint, there’s also an opportunity to enhance wider native biodiversity, create ecological corridors and maintain cultural connections.
Fields but few trees
Unfortunately, our survey found the green spaces of most Auckland primary schools are dominated by sports fields.
While it’s good news that children have access to these, adding trees and shrubs around the edges of the fields could provide many benefits without compromising existing play spaces.
Native biodiversity was also lacking. In fact, 33% of school grounds contained environmental weeds, such as woolly nightshade. There were also many more introduced plant species than native species, and most schools lacked a shrub layer.
Urban green spaces in general tend to favour single trees with mown lawn underneath. But birds feed in different layers of vegetation and need that shrub layer and some vegetation complexity.
The most common native tree by far was pōhutakawa. But planting a monoculture of pōhutakawa is a big risk if a disease (such as myrtle rust) has a big impact on that species.
Diversity is key. Planting other native species such as pūriri, karaka, rewarewa or tītoki would increase plant diversity, attract native birds and other species, as well as provide sun shade.
Using outdoor spaces for learning can improve children’s wellbeing. Photo / 123rf
Room for improvement
There was some good news, however. Of the 64 schools surveyed, 36% had a forest patch. This gives the children access to an outdoor learning resource that may be lacking from their immediate neighbourhood.
It was heartening to find every school had at least one species associated with weaving, with both harakeke and tī kōuka present at 83% of schools.
We know young Māori in cities are at risk of losing cultural knowledge and opportunities for cultural practices, so the availability of key weaving species is an excellent opportunity for schools and their whānau.
If this was a report card, Auckland’s school green spaces would not be high-achieving. But there are plenty of opportunities to improve. Adding more diversity, more native plants and planting trees around the edges of sports fields will provide a wealth of benefits to both children and the city’s overall biodiversity.
Using outdoor spaces for learning will increase natural and cultural connections and improve children’s wellbeing. That is much more than a “nice to have”.
