This year, there are seven such battlegrounds, and every one is a toss-up within the margin of error. Here is a look:
Pennsylvania (19 Electoral College votes)
Pennsylvania was once reliably Democratic, but these days, they don’t come much tighter than the Keystone State.
Republican Trump won the most populous battleground, with 13 million residents, by 0.7 percentage points in 2016. Joe Biden claimed it by 1.2 percentage points in 2020.
Known for its “Rust Belt” cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania has been blighted for decades by the steady decline of its industrial manufacturing base.
Trump and Harris have campaigned repeatedly in the eastern state, where the pair held their one and only presidential debate. Trump, who survived an assassination attempt at a July rally in Pennsylvania, is courting the rural white population and warning that migrants are overwhelming small towns.
Harris is touting recent infrastructure wins, and in Pittsburgh she outlined plans to invest $100 billion in manufacturing, a key issue for state residents.
Georgia (16)
This southeastern state was an election flashpoint at the end of Trump’s first term, and the controversy simmers.
Prosecutors in Georgia indicted Trump in an election interference case after he called state officials urging them to “find” enough votes to overturn Biden’s narrow 2020 victory.
But in a boost for Trump, the case is paused until after the election.
Biden was the first Democrat to win the Peach State since 1992. Demographic changes are likely to benefit Harris, who has courted minority voters across Georgia.
North Carolina (16)
The southeastern state has voted Democratic only once since 1980, but Harris believes it’s back in play.
The population, now over 10 million, is expanding and growing more diverse, benefiting Democrats.
Complicating matters for Trump, a scandal involving the state’s Republican gubernatorial candidate has infuriated party officials who worry it could sink Trump in a close race.
As in neighbouring Georgia, one wild card is how the devastation from storm Helene, which recently laid waste to towns in western North Carolina, might impact the vote.
Michigan (15)
Trump flipped Michigan, a former Democratic stronghold, on his way to defeating Hillary Clinton in 2016.
Biden returned it to the blue column in 2020, buoyed by unionised workers and a large black community.
But this time, Harris risks losing the support of a 200,000-strong Arab-American community that has denounced Biden’s – and by extension her – handling of the Israel-Hamas war in Gaza.
Arizona (11)
The Grand Canyon state was among 2020′s tightest races, with Biden triumphing by just 10,457 votes.
Trump hopes frustrations over the Biden-Harris administration’s immigration policy will swing Arizona, which shares a border with Mexico, back in his favour.
Harris visited Arizona’s border in September vowing to crack down on migration and work on reviving last year’s bipartisan border bill, which she said Trump “tanked” for political purposes.
Wisconsin (10)
Clinton lost Wisconsin after giving the state a wide berth during the 2016 campaign.
As with Midwestern neighbour Michigan, it was a different story when Trump’s opponent was Biden, who turned a 23,000-vote deficit into a winning margin of 21,000 for Democrats.
Trump considers it winnable, and his party held its summer national convention there.
While Trump led early against Biden, Harris has made the state race a nail-biter.
Nevada (6)
The Silver State, with a population of 3.1 million, hasn’t voted Republican since 2004. Conservatives, buoyed by Trump’s headway with Hispanic voters, are convinced they can flip the script.
Trump held a significant lead here against Biden.
But within weeks of becoming the Democratic nominee, Harris – promoting her economic plans to help small businesses and combat inflation – has erased that advantage in the western state, whose largest city Las Vegas is dominated by the hospitality industry.
