Mustafa al Hawsawi, who is accused of helping the September 11 hijackers with travel and finances. Photo / US District Court via The New York Times
By the time the CIA delivered Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to the military prison at Guantánamo Bay in 2006, it had already extracted confessions from him through interrogations that included waterboarding, rectal abuse, sleep deprivation and other forms of torture.
But none of what Mohammed said during his 3 1/2 years in secret CIA prisons could be used in the military commission trial he would face on charges that he was the architect of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. So within months of his arrival at Guantánamo Bay, the Bush administration had FBI agents question him and other al-Qaida suspects to obtain fresh, ostensibly lawful confessions. Prosecutors called the new interrogators "clean teams."
Now defence lawyers in the September 11 case — which has been stuck in pretrial hearings since 2012 and will not go to trial before next year — are stepping up their arguments that those teams were not so clean after all.
They say that they have growing evidence that the FBI played some role in the interrogations during the years when the suspects were in the secret prisons by feeding questions to the CIA and that the CIA kept a hand in the case after the prisoners were sent to Guantánamo. The result, they contend, is a blurring of lines that undercuts the assertion that the confessions extracted after torture could be legally separated from those given by Mohammed and his four alleged accomplices to the FBI at Guantánamo.
The defence teams cite documents turned over to them under court order showing that the FBI was involved in the case when the prisoners were being held by the CIA, from 2002 to 2006. Then, after President George W. Bush had them transferred to US military custody at Guantánamo, the CIA continued to control or influence the detention of Mohammed and the other men, the documents suggest.
The extent of the cooperation between the two agencies is a matter of dispute, some of it carried out in closed national security court hearings. But the intermingling of their work, defense lawyers say, means that the statements the suspects gave the FBI should be ruled inadmissible.
The intensifying battle over the confessions, which prosecutors say are critical to their case, is just one way that the legacy of torture continues to shadow the effort to get justice for the 2,976 people killed by the September 11 hijackings. And it highlights how the military commission system has struggled to decide complex legal disputes, leaving the case unlikely to be decided even by 2021, two decades after the attacks.
"The clean teams were a fiction from the very beginning," said Cheryl Bormann, lawyer for Waleed Mohammed Bin Attash, a Saudi-born man accused of serving as a deputy to Mohammed in the hijacking conspiracy. "There was no separation. It's all one big team."
The first public information about FBI and CIA collaboration on interrogations involving the five alleged September 11 conspirators emerged in a December 2017 pretrial hearing that challenged whether one of the defendants, Mustafa al Hawsawi, was subject to trial by a military tribunal rather than a federal court. Hawsawi, a Saudi man who was captured in Pakistan in March 2003 with Mohammed, is accused in the joint capital trial of helping the hijackers with travel and finances.
Abigail L. Perkins, a retired FBI special agent, said at the hearing that she had reviewed some of Hawsawi's statements to the CIA before she interrogated him in January 2007 as a member of a clean team, four months after his September 2006 transfer to Guantánamo.
She also said that while Hawsawi was held incommunicado at the CIA black sites, the FBI fed questions to CIA interrogators to ask their captives.
A partially redacted transcript of a national security hearing held last summer at Guantánamo also shows that FBI agents questioned Hawsawi during his time at a CIA black site but hid their affiliation from him. At that hearing, a prosecutor also disclosed that information the government had given defence lawyers to prepare for trial commingled FBI and CIA information that came from the Rendition, Detention and Interrogation Program, the formal name of the black sites, leaving the impression that it had all come from the CIA.
Prosecutors say the FBI agents who questioned the terrorism suspects at Guantánamo in 2007 did so independently of what happened during the period when the defendants were tortured.
Even though the US government "put together the aspects of law enforcement, intel and military, for the purpose of gaining information, and ultimately obtaining a criminal case against these men in military commissions," Ed Ryan, one of the prosecutors, argued in court, the work of the clean teams is "legally defensible" because of the magnitude of the government investigation in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks.
Whether to accept the prosecution's argument will be for the new trial judge, Col. W. Shane Cohen of the Air Force, to decide.
Last summer, the first trial judge, Col. James L. Pohl, forbade the use of the FBI interrogations at Guantánamo Bay then retired from the Army. Another prosecutor on the case, Jeffrey D. Groharing, called the 2007 FBI interrogations "the most critical evidence in this case" and persuaded an interim judge, Col. Keith A. Parrella of the Marines, to reinstate them.
Now the new judge, who took over the case in June, plans to consider again whether each of the five defendants' FBI interrogations should be admissible. Hearings on the question could start in September and run until March.
First, however, the judge must decide the delicate question of how much testimony to take from former black site workers, including agents and contractors whose identities the CIA is shielding by invoking a national security privilege. The defendants want the judge to hold an exhaustive hearing on what went on in the CIA prison network between 2002 and 2006 as a basis for deciding whether the clean-team statements are admissible.
In June, James Harrington, a lawyer representing one of Mohammed's co-defendants, scolded Cohen at the judge's first hearing for referring to the FBI interrogations as "cleansing" statements.
"Right now before the court I believe is an issue of voluntariness with respect to those statements," he said.
Harrington offered a long-standing defense argument that anything Mohammed and the other suspects said at Guantánamo was essentially "a Pavlovian response" drilled into the defendants in their three and four years of torture at the black sites, where the lawyers contend that calculated abuse trained the defendants to later tell the FBI agents what the CIA had forced them to say.
That was the general defense approach until December 2017, when defense lawyers started seeing both classified and unclassified evidence they say demonstrates that the US government was engaged in "one continuous course of conduct to obtain statements by torture and other cruel and inhuman, degrading treatment, including incommunicado detention," according to James G. Connell III, a lawyer representing another defendant, Mohammed's nephew, Ammar al-Baluchi.
In 2017, for example, the lawyers learned for the first time that the CIA had a role in how the FBI agents would conduct clean-team interrogations.
The FBI agents were required to write up their interviews not on a standard FBI 302 form, the stock in trade of bureau record-keeping, but as a letterhead memorandum on a CIA laptop. The agents were instructed to segregate claims of torture and other CIA mistreatment on a separate memo, meaning they were absent from the FBI's descriptions of confessions by Mohammed and the others at Guantánamo in 2007.
Notes from Hawsawi's interrogation helped reveal that he had earlier been held incommunicado at Guantánamo, when the CIA operated a black site at the military base and hid its prisoners from the International Committee of the Red Cross, in 2003 and 2004.
"Our position is not that the CIA engaged in torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and then the FBI did something different," said Connell, who has drawn up a list of 112 pretrial witnesses to try to prove his point. "Our position is that the United States, as a whole, had a plan, a scheme or a program — however you want to describe it — to obtain statements from Mr. al-Baluchi by torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment."
On Friday, lawyers for families of people killed in the September 11 attacks, who are seeking testimony from three of the alleged plotters, reported to a federal judge in New York that Mohammed has declined to be deposed by them on what he does or does not know about Saudi Arabia's role in the attacks as long as his Guantánamo trial is a capital case.
Written by: Carol Rosenberg
© 2019 THE NEW YORK TIMES
He performed with his original bandmates for the first time in 20 years.