KEY POINTS:
Ashutosh Gupta's home in Richmond Park has all the lifestyle comforts that many educated Indians of his generation left India to attain - lush and peaceful gardens, a gym, a pool and, most importantly, unwavering electricity and water supplies.
This luxury block in the ultra-modern Delhi suburb of
Gurgaon houses several hundred Indian families who have recently returned from living in the West, part of a "reverse brain drain" migration which is gathering speed.
Indian politicians are beginning to highlight, approvingly, the emerging phenomenon of "brain gain", as large numbers of Indian-born executives decide that job opportunities and living conditions are as good, if not better, in India and make their way home.
Gupta, 38, moved to this gated enclave after 15 years spent studying and later working as a Goldman Sachs banker in New York and London.
"Ten years ago, if I had considered moving back, people would have questioned my sanity, and assumed I couldn't hack it in the US," he said. "Now everyone recognises that India is a very exciting place. There are tens of thousands of people like me making the decision to return."
A survey published last week showed that graduates from India's most prestigious universities, the Indian Institutes of Technology (known as IITs), increasingly see India as the best place in the world to base themselves. Until about five years ago large numbers of these elite graduates would abandon home at the first opportunity to take up well-paid jobs or to continue their education in the US and Europe.
Between 1964 and 2001 (when the economy was sluggish), 35 per cent of the nation's most promising graduates moved abroad, according to research conducted by the Delhi-based organisation, Evalueserve, but from 2002 onwards (the period when India's GDP began to soar) only 16 per cent chose to leave. Now, the research suggests, the West no longer seems synonymous with wealth and opportunity.
Asked to predict which country would "hold the most promise for success" in 10 years' time, 72 per cent of the 677 IIT graduates surveyed named India, with only 17 per cent citing the US, 5 per cent Europe, and just 2 per cent China. The number who feel the US offers a better standard of living than India has fallen since 2001 from 13 per cent to almost zero.
The Indian Government does not compile figures of the numbers of people emigrating or returning, but Alok Aggarwal, chairman of Evalueserve, who wrote the report, said the trend of returning Indians "seemed to be very strong". The pull of the West remained powerful for many Indians, he said, "but at the very top level of graduates, the smart choice now is to stay".
The flow of reverse migration has been particularly striking in the southern Indian IT city of Bangalore, where research published last year estimated that more than 40,000 Indian technology professionals had arrived back from the US and the UK to take up work.
Aggarwal, now 48, left India after graduating from an IIT in the 1980s and moved to the US. "There was a lot of guilt associated with the decision to leave. We felt like rats leaving a sinking ship. But at the time there were very few employment opportunities here," he said. In the late 1980s Delhi did not seem a very alluring place to return to; even getting a phone line installed involved a wait of about 2 years.
Now the decision to choose India is much easier. Jobs are plentiful and, armed with good salaries, the newly returned can cocoon themselves in gated Western-style enclaves, which shut out any trace of the ever-present slums, squalor and poverty.
Gupta said his switch to a private equity job in Delhi was partly motivated by a desire to spend more time with his parents, and partly down to his sense that he could do much more with his talents in India than he could in London. "I would sit at my desk on Fleet Street, read about what was happening in India and I'd ask myself: What am I doing here? It was an obvious choice to return." But the transition was painful. "After so many years away, it was a shock to be back. The traffic, the chaos, it all takes a bit of adjustment." But living alongside hundreds of other "like-minded returnees" had helped to dull the culture shock.
Yusuf Hatia, India vice-president of the public relations firm Fleishman-Hillard, was conscious that his decision to return to live in Mumbai a year ago, with his wife and young son, was a peculiar mirror of his parents' choice to emigrate to the UK, when he was aged 3, in 1975.
His shift from Hackney to India's business capital has afforded him a full-time nanny, a driver and private education for his son "without any of it seeming a ridiculous luxury". The cost of renting an apartment (about $12,640 a month, and rising) was a shock.
"Of course, India is still a place of poverty, but in the business world there is an extraordinary sense of optimism. The long-term prospects for working here are better."
TIMES OF CHANGE
* Once an unsuccessful "mixed" economy, India opened up to foreign investment in the 1990s.
* In the 1980s, 75 per cent of its top graduates emigrated to America.
* Since 2000 only 28 per cent see themselves leaving.
* Poverty rate has halved in 20 years.
* Between 1990 and 2004 adult literacy rose from 50 to 61 per cent.
* Population: 1,147,995,898. Expected to overtake China as the world's most populous country in the next 25 years.
* GDP stands at US$1.09 trillion.
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