Even for sceptics, the effects of climate change are becoming harder to deny. Australia just experienced its hottest summer on record. The country's tropics are spreading south, bringing storms and mosquito-borne illnesses like dengue fever to places unprepared for such problems, while water shortages have led to major fish die-offs in drying rivers.
"This is all playing out in real time, right now," said Joëlle Gergis, an award-winning climate scientist and writer from the Australian National University. "We are one of the most vulnerable nations in the developed world when it comes to climate change."
And yet the path to victory for Scott Morrison, the incumbent Prime Minister, will make agreeing on a response more difficult. He and his Liberal-National Coalition won thanks not just to their base of older, suburban economic conservatives, but also to a surge of support in Queensland, the rural, coal-producing, sparsely populated state.
The Coalition successfully made cost the dominant issue in the climate change debate. One economic model estimated that the 45 per cent reduction in carbon emissions proposed by the opposition Labor Party would cost the economy 167,000 jobs and A$264 billion. Though a Labor spokesman called the model "dodgy," Morrison and his allies used it to argue against extending Australia's existing efforts to reduce emissions and invest in clean energy.
The message resonated strongly in Queensland, where the proposed Carmichael coal mine would be among the largest in the world if it is approved.
The Adani Group, the Indian conglomerate behind the mine project, says it will provide thousands of jobs in nearby towns marked by empty houses and rife unemployment. But in other parts of Australia, particularly among the urban educated left, it faces fierce opposition. "Stop Adani" is a mantra for many, promoted by organisations like Greenpeace and shared with pride on social media, signs and T-shirts.
Abbott grasped this growing political divide.
"It's clear that in what might be described as 'working seats,' we are doing so much better," he said in his concession speech. "It's also clear that in at least some of what might be described as 'wealthy seats,' we are doing it tough, and the Green left is doing better."
Neither side seems open to compromise. In some ways, the election was foreshadowed last month in the Queensland town of Clermont, where environmentalists protesting against the Carmichael mine were met by pro-coal activists, including a man on a horse who rode into the crowd and knocked a woman unconscious.
In some ways it was a clash of cultures as well as political views.
"I feel like there's quite a lot of scorn about the way Queenslanders feel about environmental issues, and that doesn't help," said Susan Harris-Rimmer, a law professor at Griffith University in Queensland.
"The predominant Queensland characteristic is pride and you can't pour scorn on them."
She said doing so was a strategic mistake for politicians. "You can't trigger the pride response."
Academics have noted class envy and alienation, including the belief that the elite do not understand the needs and values of the working class.
Despite his Sydney upbringing and former career in advertising, Morrison, 51, won in part by presenting himself as an Australian everyman — a rugby-crazed beer drinker who was the first prime minister to campaign in a baseball hat.
Morrison's coalition also benefited from deals with two right-wing groups: One Nation, the anti-immigration party led by the Queensland senator Pauline Hanson, and the United Australia Party led by mining billionaire Clive Palmer, who spent tens of millions of dollars on a populist campaign with the slogan "Make Australia Great."
Under Australia's preferential voting system, votes for candidates from minor parties can be used to help allies reach a clear majority in the lower house of Parliament. Nationally, United Australia secured 3.4 per cent of the vote, while One Nation picked up 3 per cent.
The question that now confronts the new Government is how much sway to give the forces that led to victory.
Climate change may be the first battle in the long war that is reshaping democracy all over the world.
Written by: Damien Cave
Photograph by: David Maurice Smith
© 2019 THE NEW YORK TIMES
