Peace in the Middle East is further away than ever with Palestinians and Israelis alike suffering yet more unrelenting misery, reports PHIL REEVES.
Journalists are frequently accused of being interested only in bad news. Not so in the Middle East. The media falls eagerly on the smallest suggestion that the Oslo
"peace process" between Israel and the Palestinians can be revived.
But in reality the news has only been bad. When last year began, the three-month-old Palestinian intifada had claimed 300 lives. By the time the year ended, the death toll was greater than 1000, and the conflict had become a war.
In between, both sides had resorted to nastier methods. The hard-line Islamists began sending suicide bombers and gunmen into Israel with instructions to murder as many civilians as possible. And the Israeli armed forces had begun using war planes to bomb the occupied territories for the first time since the 1967 war.
Ceasefires came and went, none fully imposed or lasting long. As the New Year approached, international mediators still wearily brandished two dog-eared "road maps" to peace - ceasefire and security plans drawn up by a commission led by the former United States senator George Mitchell and the director of the CIA, George Tenet.
But diplomacy had failed spectacularly - undermined by the US failure to take a robust line with Israel's Government, or to dispel Palestinian perceptions of bias.
It was always going to be tough, given the two leaders at the heart of the conflict. In February, Ariel Sharon - the bullish right-wing 73-year-old leader of Likud - confounded those who wrote off his chances of becoming Israel's leader after he was disgraced by a 1983 commission of inquiry into the Sabra and Shatila massacres.
Disillusioned by worsening violence and convinced by a brilliant public relations campaign mounted by their Government, the Israeli electorate turned to a man whom they believed would make them secure and take a firm line with Yasser Arafat.
In February, Sharon was elected Prime Minister in an unprecedented landslide. It placed Sharon face to face with his old adversary, Arafat. The fate of the region lay in the hands of two septuagenarians - a stubborn Israeli ideologue and ex-general who appears to believe that he can bludgeon the Palestinians into line, and the mercurial Palestinian leader, locked in an unending struggle to reconcile his ties with the Americans and the West with a rising tide of radicalism.
By the end of the year, Sharon had deployed his tanks only a few hundred metres from Arafat's headquarters in the West Bank town of Ramallah. The Palestinian leader could no longer travel from country to country seeking support. His helicopters were destroyed by an Israeli rocket. He was confined to the West Bank, barred by Israel from even going to Bethlehem for Christmas Eve celebrations. Sharon had declared him "irrelevant" - a position not supported by the international community.
For the people on both sides it was a year of unrelenting misery. The Palestinians of the West Bank are unlikely to forget the invasion of six of their towns by the Israeli Army in October, following the first assassination of an Israeli cabinet minister by Palestinian guerrillas. Rechavam Zeevi, the Tourism Minister, was shot dead in a Jerusalem hotel by guerrillas from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, avenging the death seven weeks earlier of their leader, Abu Ali Mustafa, blown apart at his desk in Ramallah by two Israeli helicopter missiles fired through the window.
Zeevi's virulent politics - which included advocating the mass deportation of Arabs from the occupied territories - did not diminish the outrage in Israel and abroad over his murder. The Army stayed in parts of the Palestinian-run Bethlehem for 10 days. By the time it withdrew, more than a dozen Palestinians lay dead - including a teenage boy, shot in Manger Square metres from the place of Christ's birth.
And none of the 3.2 million Arabs of the West Bank and Gaza will forget the debilitating effect of life under an Israeli military siege that has isolated several hundred towns and villages for months. Statistics released last month by the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator revealed that between $US2.4 billion ($5.76 billion) and $US3.2 billion been lost to the Palestinian economy since the intifada started.
Unemployment had risen in the Gaza Strip to around 50 per cent - bringing with it more hopeless poverty and further radicalisation. And yet there was precious little evidence that the blockade had achieved what Israel says is its goal - which is to make the country secure from infiltration by Palestinian guerrillas.
For the Israelis, the nightmares were among the worst they have known since the creation of the state in 1948. They included the death of eight young people, mostly soldiers, mown down by a bus at a roadside stop by a driver from Gaza; the killing of a further 21 young people, many of them immigrants from the former Soviet Union, blown to pieces by a suicide bomber outside a Tel Aviv disco in June; the slaughter of 15 people at a Jerusalem pizzeria in August.
The most shocking and sickening of all came last month, when two Hamas suicide bombers simultaneously detonated themselves within a few yards of one another in the middle of west Jerusalem on a crowded Saturday night. The following morning a third suicide bomber, also from Hamas, attacked a bus near Haifa. Within only 12 hours, 26 Israelis had been killed.
No amount of condemnation from Arafat quelled the world's anger. Immense pressure was placed on him to dismantle the violent Islamic opposition groups and jail their leaders at a time when their support on the street is stronger than ever.
What, then, of September 11, the event that changed the world? Even as the dust was settling amid the ruins of the World Trade Center, Israel had moved to draw a comparison with its conflict. It launched a full-scale PR drive to present itself as a free democracy facing an existential threat from terrorists no different from Osama bin Laden.
This did not convince the Europeans, but it made an impact on American opinion, especially after the Islamic militants helped Israel's case with its triple suicide-bombing assault. Sharon's mantra became "terror is terror", and that it is wrong to differentiate between a Palestinian suicide bomber and the hijackers of the jets that slammed into the heart of New York.
No one was persuaded by Palestinian attempts to argue that they, too, were the victims of terror in the form of assassinations, tank shellings, settlement building, house demolitions, and the ploughing up of olive orchards and citrus groves. The latter events became a matter of routine during the year.
The core of the problem in the Middle East, however, was not forever changed by the atrocities in the US.
The conflict between Israel and the Palestinians remained, at heart, exactly what it was before: a war over the occupation and settlement of one people's land by a stronger neighbouring power. And this year, one way or another, the battle will continue.
- INDEPENDENT
Feature: Middle East
Map
UN: Information on the Question of Palestine
Israel's Permanent Mission to the UN
Palestine's Permanent Observer Mission to the UN
Middle East Daily
Arabic News
Arabic Media Internet Network
Jerusalem Post
Israel Wire
US Department of State - Middle East Peace Process
Another year of living dangerously in the Middle East
Peace in the Middle East is further away than ever with Palestinians and Israelis alike suffering yet more unrelenting misery, reports PHIL REEVES.
Journalists are frequently accused of being interested only in bad news. Not so in the Middle East. The media falls eagerly on the smallest suggestion that the Oslo
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