And SpaceX is not alone. Other companies, such as Amazon, Telesat and OneWeb, want to get into the space internet business. Their ambitions to make satellites nearly as plentiful as cellphone towers highlight conflicting debates as old as the space age about the proper use of the final frontier.
While private companies see major business opportunities in low-Earth orbit and beyond, many skygazers fear that space will no longer be "the province of all mankind," as stated in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967.
The Starlink launch was one of SpaceX's most ambitious missions to orbit.
Each of the satellites carries a solar panel that not only gathers sunlight but also reflects it back to Earth. Elon Musk, SpaceX's founder and chief executive, has offered assurances that the satellites will only be visible in the hours after sunset and before sunrise, and then just barely.
But the early images led many scientists to question his assertions.
The first captured images, for example, revealed a train of spacecraft as bright as Polaris, the North Star. And while a press officer at SpaceX said the satellites will grow fainter as they move to higher orbits, some astronomers estimate that they will be visible to the naked eye throughout summer nights.
The satellites can even "flare," briefly boosting their brightness to rival that of Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, when their solar panels are oriented just right.
Astronomers fear that these reflections will threaten stargazing and their research.
Whenever a satellite passes through a long-exposure picture of the sky, it causes a long bright streak — typically ruining the image and forcing astronomers to take another one. While telescope operators have dealt with these headaches for years, Starlink alone could triple the number of satellites currently in orbit, with the number growing larger if other companies get to space.
One estimate suggests that the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope — an 8.4-metre telescope under construction on a Chilean mountaintop that will soon scan the entire sky — might have to deal with one Starlink satellite in every couple of images it takes during the first few hours of twilight.
And astronomers don't yet know how they will adjust. "We're really at that point where we have to assess what we're going to do," said Ronald Drimmel, an astronomer at the Turin Astrophysical Observatory in Italy.
Not only do these satellites reflect light, they also emit radio frequencies — which a number of astronomers find troubling. Dishes used in radio astronomy are often built in remote locations far from cell towers and radio stations. But if Starlink is launched in full — with the ability to beam reception toward any location on the planet — those so-called radio quiet zones might become a thing of the past.
Moreover, some are worried that Starlink plans to operate on two frequency ranges that astronomers use to map the gas throughout the universe — allowing them to see how planets as large as Jupiter assemble, and how galaxies formed immediately after the Big Bang.
"If those frequency channels become inaccessible, it's extremely limiting to what we can learn about the early universe," said Caitlin Casey, an astronomer at the University of Texas at Austin.
Similar concerns emerged in the 1990s when Iridium launched dozens of satellites — which made their own flashes in night skies — to provide global satellite phone coverage. The Iridium constellation's impact was ultimately minimal as technologies changed, and because it never grew larger than 66 satellites. The most reflective of its satellites are now gradually falling from orbit.
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory, a federally funded research center that operates facilities across the world, said Friday in a statement that it has been working directly with SpaceX to minimise potential impacts. The group is discussing what it called exclusion zones around some radio astronomy facilities, where SpaceX's satellites would power down when traveling overhead.
Casey worries that this could still restrict where radio astronomers can work.
This week on Twitter, Musk said that Starlink will avoid using one of those two frequency ranges. But Casey said it's possible that the adjacent frequencies the satellites will use might spill into areas astronomers study — even if they're technically blocked.
Despite the outcry, Drimmel said he wasn't calling for Starlink to be brought to a halt.
"I don't presume that astronomy should be held more important than everything else," he said. "So there may be some give and take, and compromises that need to be made."
But he does worry about the irrevocable impact on human culture should internet satellites forever alter the face of the night sky.
"What I find astounding is that whatever we do will affect everyone on the planet," Drimmel said.
Alex Parker, a planetary astronomer at the Southwest Research Institute, noted on Twitter that if nearly 12,000 of these satellites orbit, they could soon outnumber all the stars visible to the naked eye. And even if just 500 are observable at any given time, Drimmel warns that it will be difficult to pick out constellations among those moving lights.
"It sounds dystopian," Casey said.
Most of the frustration stems from the fact that discussions about the impact of this project did not take place before launch. And it may only be the beginning.
"It truly is the tip of the iceberg, especially as we get into a world where you have multi billionaires with the ability and the desire to do things like this," Nordgren said.
So astronomers are hopeful that today's conversation might shape the future. "I think it's good that we're making noise about this problem," Drimmel said. "If we're not aware of the threat, so to speak, this will all happen as planned and then it will be too late."
Already, Musk has asked SpaceX to work on lowering future satellites' brightness.
And other companies seem to be taking note. A press officer at Amazon said that it will be years before Project Kuiper — the company's plan to place more than 3,000 internet satellites into orbit — is available. But Amazon will assess space safety and concerns about light pollution as they design their satellites, the press officer said.
Another entrant, Telesat, said its smaller constellation would operate at higher orbits than some companies' satellites, making their satellites fainter.
Musk also upset some astronomers when he said on Twitter that Starlink was for the "greater good."
"Who has the right to decide that?" Nordgren asked. "And do we all agree that that trade-off is one that we're all willing to make?"
The night sky has the power to make people feel awe, he said.
"A star-filled night sky reminds us that we are part of a much larger whole, that we are one person in a world of people surrounded by the vast depths of the visible universe," Nordgren said.
While they may see Starlink's goal as worthy, scientists question whether it is truly the greater good.
"I'm sure there will be positive impact in terms of bringing the internet to the world, but just blatantly saying as one person or one company that this takes precedence over our knowledge of our own universe is scary," Casey said.
Ultimately, many agree that the risks are far too great for this decision to be made by one company. And Casey is hopeful that SpaceX will take a cooperative approach with major astronomy organizations.
"The idea that one or two people somewhere in some country in some boardroom can make the decision that the constellations hereafter will suddenly be fluid, and move from night to night and hour to hour — well, I don't think that's their decision to make," Nordgren said.
Written by: Shannon Hall
© 2019 THE NEW YORK TIMES
