Monday, 04 December 2023
KaitaiaWhangareiDargavilleAucklandThamesTaurangaHamiltonWhakataneRotoruaTokoroaTe KuitiTaumarunuiTaupoGisborneNew PlymouthNapierHastingsDannevirkeWhanganuiPalmerston NorthLevinParaparaumuMastertonWellingtonMotuekaNelsonBlenheimWestportReeftonKaikouraGreymouthHokitikaChristchurchAshburtonTimaruWanakaOamaruQueenstownDunedinGoreInvercargill
NZ HeraldThe Northern AdvocateThe Northland AgeThe AucklanderWaikato HeraldBay Of Plenty TimesRotorua Daily PostHawke's Bay TodayWhanganui ChronicleThe Stratford PressManawatu GuardianKapiti NewsHorowhenua ChronicleTe Awamutu CourierVivaEat WellOneRoofDRIVEN Car GuideThe CountryPhoto SalesiHeart RadioRestaurant Hub
Voyager 2023 media awards
Subscribe

Advertisement

Advertise with NZME.
Home / Kahu

John Middleton is on a mission to wake up the Moriori language

NZ Herald
19 Nov, 2023 07:49 PM4 mins to read
Saveshare

Share this article

facebookcopy linktwitterlinkedinredditemail
Chatham Islands people, 1910, held in the Canterbury Museum. Photo / Wikimedia Commons

Chatham Islands people, 1910, held in the Canterbury Museum. Photo / Wikimedia Commons

Ta rē Moriori, the language of the Chatham Islands, is one of New Zealand’s indigenous languages but has no native speakers, something linguist John Middleton and the Hokotehi Moriori Trust would like to change.

A challenge is being laid down to prospective speakers of Ta rē Moriori (Moriori) to join a project to revive the language.

The Moriori people inhabited the Chatham Islands for maybe as long as 500 years before Europeans arrived, however, the subsequent arrival of two Māori tribes from Taranaki, Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama, in 1835, eventually led to the death of the language.

“Enslavement, murder and cannibalism by these tribes led to a tragic result; the last native speaker of Moriori died around 1900,” says John Middleton, a professional teaching fellow and doctoral student in the University of Auckland’s Faculty of Arts.

Advertisement

Advertise with NZME.

Middleton is on a mission to research and revive ta rē Moriori, in a collaborative effort with the Hokotehi Moriori Trust, which looks after many of the interests of Moriori people across New Zealand and the diaspora around the world.

“Languages with no speakers have sometimes been called sleeping languages, in that they are currently not being spoken,” he says. “However, this leads to the possibility of those languages ‘waking up’, something that requires native speakers who have learnt the language as small children.”

Middleton believes what we would need is some adults to learn the language from scratch, and for them to commit to speaking it to their (or some) children.

“At the moment, the Moriori language is confined to old manuscripts because no one has written a grammar or teaching guide on it. But there are enough manuscripts, kauho (legends) and karakia (songs) written in Moriori for this to be a future possibility.”

Advertisement

Advertise with NZME.
John Middleton in the Chathams, next to a tree with a picture on it carved by Moriori, something they were known for. Photo / UoA News
John Middleton in the Chathams, next to a tree with a picture on it carved by Moriori, something they were known for. Photo / UoA News

Although in fact, some Moriori people on the Chathams are already learning bits of the language and using it in their day-to-day conversations, says Middleton, and bringing a language back to life has been done before.

“The Wampanoag language from Massachusetts, USA, lost its last speaker around the same time as Moriori, in the 1890s. However, there was significant written literature prior to this point, including a bible from 1663 and many other religious texts.”

In the 1990s, Jessie Little Doe Baird, a member of the Wampanoag community, constructed a Wampanoag dictionary and grammar from the old texts.

“From these, members of the community started relearning the language, and teaching it. By 2014, there were 50 children taking classes, many of whom are now considered fluent native speakers.”

Some things from the old language would inevitably be lost, Middleton says.

“Every speaker of a language has native speaker judgments which aren’t taught but are inherently known. For example, in English we put size adjectives before colour adjectives (little, brown dog), and doing the opposite just sounds a bit weird (brown, little dog).

“We don’t get taught this; we just instinctively know it as a native speaker. If there are no examples of size and colour adjectives stacked together in the Moriori texts, we have no way of knowing the ordering rules.”

And every native speaker of any language has so many of these little rules in their brains without realising it, he says.

“Even if we were to analyse all of the old Moriori manuscripts, it wouldn’t be possible to figure out every single rule, so some of those native speaker judgments were simply lost when that last native Moriori speaker died in the early 1900s.”

The new Moriori language couldn’t hope to be identical to the one last spoken over 100 years ago, but as all languages are always changing, that’s no problem.

Advertisement

Advertise with NZME.

However, he says, if a child was to learn Moriori now, their brain would fill in those gaps and make new rules and patterns for the things we don’t know about the language.

“For example, if we’re not able to find the order of adjectives from the old manuscripts, a child would pick an order that sounded suitable. This might be done from copying the languages the child would also hear spoken around them, say English or Māori.”

The new Moriori language couldn’t hope to be identical to the one last spoken over 100 years ago, but as all languages are always changing, that’s no problem, says Middleton.

“This would be Moriori 2.0. It’s a massive endeavour, which would require compiling, transcribing and translating all the old Moriori texts, and then turning them into teaching and learning materials, but it could be done. How incredible would it be to wake up New Zealand’s other native language? Anyone keen to start learning it?”

This article was first published in Auckland University News and is republished with permission.

Saveshare

Share this article

facebookcopy linktwitterlinkedinredditemail

Advertisement

Advertise with NZME.

Latest from Kahu

KahuUpdated

Here I am, a Gizzy girl fresh off the plane and attending an event with the King

03 Dec 05:44 PM
Entertainment

Boh Runga's new chapter

02 Dec 05:30 PM
Travel

Rotorua makes the international travel hot list

02 Dec 04:00 PM
Kahu

Paul Retimanu and sister Niva set the benchmark for Pasifika peoples

01 Dec 04:45 PM

Top toys of 2023 for kids & ‘kidults’

sponsored

Advertisement

Advertise with NZME.

Latest from Kahu

Here I am, a Gizzy girl fresh off the plane and attending an event with the King

Here I am, a Gizzy girl fresh off the plane and attending an event with the King

03 Dec 05:44 PM

OPINION: Kiwi COP28 delegation meets climate warrior King Charles.

Boh Runga's new chapter

Boh Runga's new chapter

02 Dec 05:30 PM
Rotorua makes the international travel hot list

Rotorua makes the international travel hot list

02 Dec 04:00 PM
Paul Retimanu and sister Niva set the benchmark for Pasifika peoples

Paul Retimanu and sister Niva set the benchmark for Pasifika peoples

01 Dec 04:45 PM
Toy trends for Christmas
sponsored

Toy trends for Christmas

About NZMEHelp & SupportContact UsSubscribe to NZ HeraldHouse Rules
Manage Your Print SubscriptionNZ Herald E-EditionAdvertise with NZMEBook Your AdPrivacy Policy
Terms of UseCompetition Terms & ConditionsSubscriptions Terms & Conditions
© Copyright 2023 NZME Publishing Limited
TOP