She became the world's oldest person seven months ago after the death in September of Violet Brown in Jamaica, also at the age of 117.
Video shown on Japanese television showed Tajima moving her hands to the beat of music played on traditional Japanese instruments at a ceremony to mark the achievement.
The US-based Gerontology Research Group says that another Japanese woman, Chiyo Yoshida, is now the world's oldest person in its records.
Yoshida lives south of Tokyo in Kanagawa prefecture, and is due to turn 117 in 10 days.
Guinness World Records certified 112-year-old Masazo Nonaka of northern Japan as the world's oldest man this month, and was planning to recognise Tajima as the world's oldest person.