Adélie penguins on an iceberg near Paulet Island at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
Adélie penguins on an iceberg near Paulet Island at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
Adélie penguins have had a rough time of it on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula, where warming linked to climate change has occurred faster than almost anywhere else on the planet. That and other factors have led to sharp declines in Adélie populations in recent decades.
But onthe east side, it's a different story.
"It's just a complete train wreck on the western side of the peninsula," said Heather Lynch, a statistical ecologist at Stony Brook University who studies penguin populations and how they are changing. "But on the eastern side, the populations are stable and quite healthy."
Lynch uses satellite imagery in much of her work, but also organises penguin-surveying expeditions to the peninsula, the northernmost part of the Antarctic continent. On the latest one, in January, three of her current and former doctoral students did the counting, at islands on the eastern side of the peninsula in the Weddell Sea.
Their work showed that Adélie populations there have changed little since previous counts taken over the past two decades. That suggests that as global warming continues and Adélie populations decline in other parts of the continent, the Weddell may remain a refuge for the birds.
"It's a nice confirmation that where the climate has not changed as dramatically, the populations have not changed dramatically," Lynch said.
Adélie penguins at Tay Head on Joinville Island. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
Penguins at the Paulet Island colony, one of the largest, with roughly 100,000 nests. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
The Weddell Sea is notoriously icy, a function of a rotating current, or gyre, that keeps much of the pack ice within the sea for years. The ice makes it difficult for most ships to navigate. (The Weddell is where explorer Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance was crushed by ice a century ago. The wreck was found last month.)
Over the years, Lynch's students have done penguin surveys from cruise ships in return for giving lectures and otherwise helping out. On the Antarctic Peninsula, those ships usually stay on the western side, and regulations limit shore visits to a specific set of colonies.
The January trip was on a Greenpeace vessel that sailed around the tip of the peninsula into the northwestern Weddell. "It's somewhere that we've wanted to get to," Lynch said.
Adélie penguin parents and chicks at Devil Island. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
Penguins in the water near D'Urville Island, the northernmost of the Joinville Island group. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
The three researchers — Michael Wethington, Clare Flynn and Alex Borowicz — used drones and hand-counting to determine the number of chicks at colonies on Joinville, Vortex, Devil and other islands.
Hand-counting takes time, said Flynn, a doctoral student at Stony Brook. Counters identify a specific area within a colony — perhaps a grouping of nests, or an area delineated by the birds' walking paths — and count all the chicks within it three times to ensure accuracy. At Penguin Point, a sprawling colony on Seymour Island that is home to 21,500 chicks, the counting took two days. (Adélies normally produce two chicks per breeding pair each year.)
"It does get tedious, counting them three times over," Flynn said. "But it's just such an amazing place to be and such an amazing job to be doing."
An Adélie chick at Tay Head on Joinville Island. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
An older chick at Paulet Island. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
Adélies are among the most numerous of the penguin species found in Antarctica, with an estimated 3.8 million breeding pairs at colonies all around the continent. They use their beaks to gather stones to make nests on dry land. Chicks hatch around November, late in the Southern Hemisphere spring, and the parents forage for food that they regurgitate for their offspring. Antarctic Peninsula Adélies are choosy about their diet: They eat only krill, a small crustacean, although elsewhere they also eat fish.
Krill and ice, or the lack of both, are at the root of the Adélies' problems on the western side of the peninsula, which has been warming in part as a result of atmospheric circulation patterns originating in the warming tropics. Krill flourish in cold, icy conditions, so as warming has caused sea ice to decline, krill have become less abundant as well.
The Paulet Island colony. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
Medley Rocks, D'Urville Island. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
That leaves Adélies without enough of the food they need. "The fact that they're such picky eaters on the peninsula is to their detriment, because they're very much tied to the health of the krill population," Lynch said.
Populations have declined by as much as 90 per cent in parts of the western side, and Gentoo penguins, with their bright orange beaks, have largely taken over. "They'll eat anything, they'll breed anywhere," Lynch said of Gentoos. "I think of them like the urban pests of the peninsula."
As the world continues to warm, models suggest that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea in West Antarctica will be the last places to become unfavourable to Adélies.
Penguin Point at Seymour Island. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
Alex Borowicz, a post-doctoral researcher at Stony Brook University, counting penguins on Vortex Island. Photo / Tomás Munita, The New York Times
The Weddell has also been proposed as a marine protected area under the Antarctic Treaty, which would further protect the penguins and other life there, from human activities such as krill fishing, especially as ice cover declines from warming and the area becomes more accessible. "As scientists, we want to map out where all the important biology is" for that effort, Lynch said.
The finding that populations are stable "doesn't mean that climate change isn't happening in the Weddell Sea," she said. "By virtue of the oceanography, it remains cold and icy and exactly the kind of place where these Adélies need to live."
