The compounds, which attack insects' central nervous systems, have been increasingly implicated in the widespread decline of honey bees and wild bees over the past decade, which have culminated in the mysterious colony collapse disorder in the US - a phenomenon in which the whole population of a beehive suddenly vanishes.
The global annual value of pollination has been estimated at £128 billion ($250 billion) annually.
Many beekeepers have become convinced the new pesticides are behind the declines, and in France, Italy and other countries they have been banned. But in Britain and the US their use continues.
Last year the Independent revealed that the American Government's own chief bee researcher, Dr Jeffrey Pettis of the US Department of Agriculture, had conducted a study showing that bees exposed to microscopic doses of neonicotinoids were much more vulnerable to disease - but his study had not been published nearly two years after it was completed. Pettis' findings were eventually published two months ago and were described by the Economist as "a plausible hypothesis for the cause of colony collapse disorder".
The findings of the two new studies, published simultaneously in the journal Science, are explosive.
The British study, led by Stirling's Professor David Goulson, showed that growth of colonies of the common buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, slowed after the insects were exposed to "field-realistic levels" of imidacloprid, a common neonicotinoid insecticide.
The production of queens, essential for colonies to continue, declined by a massive 85 per cent in comparison with unexposed colonies used as controls.
"Given the scale of use of neonicotinoids, we suggest that they may be having a considerable negative impact on wild bumble bee populations across the developed world," the Stirling team says.
The French study, led by Mikael Henry from France's National Institute for Agronomic Research in Avignon, looked at honey bees exposed to another neonicotinoid product, thiamethoxam.
The study found that even though the dose was sub-lethal, the exposure seriously affected the bees' homing abilities to the extent that they proved to be two to three times more likely to die while away from their nests than untreated bees.
"Non-lethal exposure ... causes high mortality due to homing failure, at levels that could put a colony at risk of collapse," the researchers say.
"These new studies put beyond all reasonable doubt the capacity for neonicotinoids to cause environmental destruction," said Matt Shardlow, director of Buglife, the invertebrate conservation trust. The Government has twice been formally asked to suspend neonicotinoids; on both occasions the requests were ignored.
The problem posed by neonicotinoids is that they are "systemic" pesticides, which means that they do not just sit on the surface of the plant, but are taken up into every part of it, including the pollen and the nectar; and so even if bees are not the target species, they ingest the chemicals through the pollen and nectar when they are foraging.
Honey bees bring billions to economy
The specific chemicals examined in the British and French studies, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, are both licensed for use in New Zealand, according to the Science Media Centre.
Commenting on the studies, pollinator researcher Peter Dearden, Associate Professor Director of Genetics at University of Otago, told the SMC: "This is important. Honey bees contribute, in honey exports, $70-80 million to the New Zealand economy each year. But this is not about honey for your toast. Pollination by honeybees underpins New Zealand's biologically-based economy, and are estimated to support more than $5 billion per annum of pastoral, arable, horticultural and vegetable exports through their pollination services.
"We must protect what bees we have left, both honey and bumble, and the science implies that sub-lethal neonicotinoid insecticides have detrimental impacts on bees. It is urgent that we find solutions to minimise that impact, either through better control of these very useful chemicals, or through banning them, if necessary ..."
Barry Foster, president of the National Beekeepers Association, said: "Considering New Zealand honeybees in managed hives are already stressed by varroa mite, extra care should be taken over other potential environmental stresses or toxin exposures."
Force of nature: the life of bees
* Bumble bees are distinctive for their large, furry appearance. They are hugely important as natural crop pollinators.
* The queen lays eggs which hatch as worker bees. The workers fly from flower to flower gathering nectar and spreading pollen as they go. Bumble bees pollinate a great variety of plants - both wild and agricultural.
* Honey bees are much better than bumble bees at producing honey, made from the nectar and sweet deposits of trees and plants brought back to the hive. It is these bees that are bred by beekeepers all over the world.
* Both honey bee and bumble bee populations have dramatically declined in recent decades.
* In Britain, bumble bees have been vanishing since the 1950s.
* A United Nations report last year said that a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder that had seen the number of honey bee colonies in Europe and the United States plummet since the 1960s had become a global problem, with beekeepers in Japan and Egypt all reporting losses of their colonies.
- Independent
