“There were too many houses to protect, and not enough engines,” one fire captain in Los Angeles said. Though fire officials say they were well-prepared and simply overwhelmed by the elements, questions are being raised about whether the intensity of modern fires requires a new playbook.
The alert came in blaring, hot-pink, all-caps: Be prepared for a “LIFE THREATENING & DESTRUCTIVE WINDSTORM!!!”
The notice last Monday was one in a series of warnings issued by the National Weather Service about the powerful Santa Ana winds that were about to blow through Southern California, which hadn’t seen serious rain in months.
Officials in Los Angeles, a city that is accustomed to treacherous fire conditions, turned to a well-worn playbook. The city pre-deployed nine trucks in vulnerable areas and called in 90 extra firefighters. The county fire department moved 30 extra engines into the field and called up 100 off-duty firefighters. The US Forest Service brought in trucks and support units as well as bulldozers, helicopters and planes.
But by Tuesday afternoon, five hours after a fire ignited high in a canyon in the oceanside Pacific Palisades neighbourhood, it was clear their preparations would not be enough. As furious wind gusts approaching 160km/h tore through the city and propelled showers of embers that ignited entire neighbourhoods, Anthony Marrone, the chief of the Los Angeles County Fire Department, stood at a command post on the edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Blasted by dust and dirt kicked up by the relentless wind, he snapped a picture with his phone of smoke obscuring the sun and looked out at a panorama of flames, smoke and debris. The fire, he thought to himself, looked unstoppable. It was moving “like a funnel, like a speedway,” he said. “I knew that if we had one start, we probably weren’t going to be able to contain it.”
The conflagrations that killed at least 11 people and destroyed thousands of homes have raised questions about whether the dozens of federal, state, county and city fire departments involved in this past week’s fire response deployed enough resources – and the extent to which modern firefighting tools are effective against the megafires that have become increasingly common in California over the past decade.
It was only hours before a situation that bore no resemblance to an ordinary red-flag alert, the kind set off when the Santa Ana winds blow in over the Mojave Desert from the inland West, began to evolve. A second huge fire broke out in Altadena, the unincorporated area adjacent to Pasadena, destroying more than 5000 structures. A third ignited in Sylmar, to the north, and yet another, the next day, in the Hollywood Hills.
Marrone quickly acknowledged that the 9000 firefighters in the region were not enough to stay ahead of the fires.
“We’re doing the very best we can, but no, we don’t have enough fire personnel,” he said at a news briefing Wednesday afternoon. “The LA County Fire Department was prepared for one or two major brush fires, but not four.”
The hurricane-force winds, low humidity and parched landscape created unusually perilous conditions: on the first day, when the Palisades and Eaton fires broke out, it was too windy by late afternoon to send up the aircraft whose drops of water and fire retardant might have helped slow the spread of the blazes.
Marrone said the parched terrain and the concentration of homes, surrounded by forested hillsides, also combined to create an indefensible landscape.
“The next time, I’m not going to do anything differently, because I don’t feel that I did anything wrong this time,” he said in an interview.
Los Angeles city fire officials had a similar view. “The fire chief did everything she could with the resources she had,” said Patrick Leonard, a battalion chief with the Los Angeles Fire Department, referring to the city’s fire chief, Kristin Crowley.
The question of resources will almost certainly arise in the weeks ahead as the fire response is analysed. The Los Angeles Fire Department has said for years it is dangerously underfunded. A memo sent to city leaders in December by Crowley complained that recent budget cuts had “severely limited the department’s capacity to prepare for, train for, and respond to large-scale emergencies, including wildfires”.
But there are a host of other factors at play. Fire experts have long warned that climate change and more home building outside urban areas are straining firefighters’ ability to prevent and contain fires. As fires have grown in size and complexity, California has explored mitigation through thinning brush out of forests, safer power grids and shoring up home protection. But it has been far from enough, they say.
The fires in Los Angeles have also raised the critical question of how departments can battle so many powerful infernos at once. After the Woolsey fire burned more than 1600 structures in the northern part of the county in 2018 – at the same time that other major fires were raging across the state – Los Angeles County commissioned an assessment that found that the simultaneous outbreaks had slowed the ability of other fire agencies to fight the blaze because they were already busy.
Lori Moore-Merrell, the head of the US Fire Administration, a division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, who flew this past week to Los Angeles to inspect the firefighting efforts and damage, said she believed that the reason for the widespread devastation was not the firefighting response.
“They deployed enough,” Moore-Merrell said in an interview. “This fire was so intense. There isn’t a fire department in the world that could have gotten in front of this.”
The question of pre-deployment will almost certainly prove one of the keys to understanding the response.
It nearly always involves weighing a host of unknown factors. Firefighting experts agree that having engines and firefighters close to the site of an outbreak is essential, especially in very windy conditions; fires in those cases must be stamped out immediately, or they will very likely begin to spread out of control.
“Once a wind-driven fire is well established, you’re not going to put it out,” said Patrick Butler, a former assistant chief of the Los Angeles Fire Department who ran the response to many of the major fires the city has faced over the past decade.
With the threat of highly destructive fires increasing, he said, fire authorities should “flood” fire-prone areas with extra fire engines and crews during times of high winds.
But such pre-deployments are enormously costly, and fire chiefs often have a tough task convincing political leaders to repeatedly spend the money on them – especially when no fires break out.
Butler, who now runs the fire department in Redondo Beach, California, said he pre-positioned firefighters on a large scale at least 30 times during heightened fire threats. Fires broke out after those threats just three times, but to him, it was worth the cost.
“I’m not in the business of making decisions that are politically palatable,” he said.
Marrone began preparing for his own pre-deployments after meteorologists at the National Weather Service, on the first weekend of the new year, issued a bulletin warning of a “Particularly Dangerous Situation” – code words for a severe weather warning, the kind the federal government issues only about two dozen times a year. Based on the conditions in Los Angeles, it was clear that fire would almost certainly ensue.
The chief authorised overtime and supplemental state funding to add 100 people for duty drawn from a pool of around 2000 off-duty firefighters so they could have more units pre-positioned in areas known to be vulnerable to fire, including Santa Clarita and the Santa Monica mountains.
He pre-positioned four strike teams, each with five trucks, and asked the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, the state fire agency known as Cal Fire, to pre-position two more teams. The staffing was typical for a red-flag wind event, he said. Early Tuesday morning, the chief ordered that 900 firefighters who were finishing their shifts stay on the job. The decision increased the number of county firefighters on duty to 1800.
And the US Forest Service, which fights fires in national forests, also began mobilising. Adrienne Freeman, an agency spokesperson, said that on Monday, the day before the winds kicked up and the first fires started, the agency had 30 trucks from out of state and Northern California in place at four Southern California forests and at a local coordination centre. On Monday night, the agency called in 50 more trucks that arrived Tuesday, she said.
The city fire department proceeded with pre-positioning the nine fire trucks it was deploying Tuesday morning, according to an internal document reviewed by The New York Times, three each in Hollywood, Sunland Valley – in the northwestern part of the city – and near the city of Calabasas in the western foothills. The extra 90 firefighters the city was pre-deploying were called up on overtime. No extra trucks were sent to Pacific Palisades.
Those extra firefighters the city of Los Angeles called on made up less than a tenth of the approximately 1000 on duty on any given day. And the 100 additional people called up by the county added to its daily firefighting force of 900.
Leonard, the city battalion chief, said the trucks were positioned based on historical patterns of fire during high-wind events.
“Predicting where the fire is going to start is a scientific guess,” Leonard said.
Then the wind started, and the first embers started flying.
Crowley, with the city department, texted the chiefs in counties surrounding Los Angeles at 10.35am Tuesday, five minutes after the Palisades fire was first reported, notifying them, according to an account of the messages shared with the Times.
Marrone responded immediately. “What do you need?” he texted.
The Ventura County chief said he was sending strike teams. “They’re on the road now,” he wrote.
Orange County’s chief said he could provide three strike teams of five trucks each, with a helicopter and a crew that uses hand tools to cut firebreaks.
The Los Angeles Fire Department put out a call for off-duty members to come to their stations and scoured mechanic yards for vehicles.
Tens of thousands of people were being evacuated out of Pacific Palisades as the fire spread out of the foothills, leaping across the four lanes of Pacific Coast Highway and wiping out restaurants and homes along the coast.
Then, at 6.18pm Tuesday, came more stunning news: the second major fire, in Altadena, had ignited.
Marrone put Eaton Canyon, the site of the new fire, into a navigation app and set off from the Palisades. Stuck in bumper-to-bumper freeway traffic, he could see the fresh fire and its smoke swelling into the sky.
Around 9pm, he called Brian Marshall, chief of fire and rescue for the California Office of Emergency Services.
“I said, ‘We are out of resources; we need help,’” Marrone said. He requested 50 strike teams, a total of 250 fire engines and 1000 firefighters.
At 10.29pm, a third major fire ignited in Sylmar, in the northernmost part of the San Fernando Valley, about 40km northwest of downtown Los Angeles, and a fourth broke out near Santa Clarita on Wednesday afternoon.
Mutual aid teams from across the West and beyond began streaming towards Los Angeles.
Firefighters tried and failed to stay ahead of the furious flames.
“Resources were scarce” during the initial hours of the blazes, said Captain Jason Rolston of the Orange County Fire Authority, who was among those who travelled to join the firefighting effort in Los Angeles. “There were too many houses to protect and not enough fire engines.”
The wind was gusting so powerfully that smoke boiled across the terrain. Firefighters said the barrage of ash and soot was so overwhelming at times that they struggled to even move through the fire zone.
“There would be times when you couldn’t see 10 feet in front of the rig,” said Captain Shawn Stacy, another Orange County firefighter who deployed to the Palisades fire. “What went wrong is that you had 80mph (130km/h) winds.”
Some firefighters said there was so much demand on water systems that they ran out of water.
Captain Ryan Brumback of the Los Angeles County Fire Department said he was five hours into an all-out effort to save buildings in Altadena from the Eaton fire early Wednesday morning when the hydrants started running dry – a situation firefighters also faced in the Palisades.
Suddenly, he said, “we noticed our hoses became very limp and soft”. The problem, he said, was that a power shut-off intended to prevent additional ignitions also shut off the pumps that help with water pressure in Altadena. “It was devastating, because you want to do all that you can do.”
By Friday, both initial major fires were still burning with little containment, and others that ignited later in the week also required aggressive responses, particularly in the Hollywood Hills on Wednesday evening and in the West Hills, northwest of Los Angeles, late Thursday. Fire officials were still focused on saving lives and homes and said they would spend time later looking at whether their preparations had been sufficient.
“It wasn’t for a lack of preparation and decision-making that resulted in this catastrophe,” Marrone said at a news briefing Saturday. “It was a natural disaster.”
The coming analysis, several experts said, will have to take into account that the standard guidelines that have long determined red-alert fire responses may no longer apply as weather and fires become more virulent.
“There’s going to be a real reckoning about land use, escape routes, water pressure, water supply,” said Zev Yaroslavsky, a former longtime Los Angeles City Council member and county supervisor. Yaroslavsky said the fire might serve as a “Pearl Harbor” moment for the city, an alarm bell that signals fundamental new questions about how the city approaches the threat of wildfires.
“A lot,” he said, “will be reassessed.”
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
Written by: Thomas Fuller, Alexandra Berzon, Kellen Browning and Shawn Hubler
Photographs by: Philip Cheung and Mark Abramson
©2025 THE NEW YORK TIMES