Migrants wait for food distribution at a camp in Calais, northern France. Photo / AP
The price to cross the English Channel varies according to the network of smugglers: between €3000 and €7000 (NZ$5000 and $11,600) though there are rumours of discounts.
Often, the fee also includes a very short-term tent rental in the windy dunes of northern France and food cooked over fires that sputter in the rain that falls for more than half the month of November in the Calais region. Sometimes, but not always, it includes a life vest and fuel for the outboard motor.
And the people who collect the money — up to €300,000 euros per boat that makes it across the narrows of the Channel — are not the ones arrested in the periodic raids along the coastline. They are just what French police call "the little hands".
Now, French authorities are hoping to move up the chain of command. The French judicial investigation into Wednesday's sinking that killed about 30 people has been turned over to Paris-based prosecutors who specialise in organised crime.
To cross the 33km narrow point of the Channel, the rubber dinghies must navigate frigid waters and passing cargo ships. As of November 17, 23,000 people had crossed successfully, according to Britain's Home Office. France intercepted about 19,000 people.
At a minimum, then, smuggling organisations this year have netted €69 million for the crossing — that's €2 million per kilometre.
"This has become so profitable for criminals that it's going to take a phenomenal amount of effort to shift it," the UK Home Office's Dan O'Mahoney told Parliament on November 17.
Between coronavirus and Brexit, "this is a golden age for the smugglers and organised crime because the countries are in disarray," said Mimi Vu, an expert on Vietnamese migration who regularly spends time in the camps of northern France.
"Think of it like a shipping and logistics company," Vu said.
The leg through central Europe can cost around €4000 euros, according to Austrian authorities who on Saturday announced the arrest of 15 people suspected of smuggling Syrian, Lebanese and Egyptian migrants into the country in vanloads of 12 to 15 people. The suspects transported more than 700 people at a total cost of more than €2.5m, police said. In this network, the migrants were bound for Germany.
The alleged smugglers — from Moldova, Ukraine and Uzbekistan — were recruited in their home countries via ads on social media offering work as drivers for €2000 to €3000 a month.
The men handling the last leg are essentially just making the final delivery. If arrested, they are replaceable, Vu said.
Frontex, the European border agency, echoed that in a 2021 risk report that describes the operational leaders as managers who "are able to orchestrate the criminal business from a distance, while mostly exposing low-level criminals involved in transport and logistics to law enforcement detection."
The chain starts in the home country, usually with an agreed-upon price, arranged over social media. That fee tends to shift over the journey, but most willingly pay extra as their destination grows closer, she said. That's precisely when the logistics grow more complicated.
Channel crossings by sea were relatively rare until a few years ago, when French and British authorities locked down the area around the Eurotunnel entrance. The deaths of 39 Vietnamese migrants in the back of a container truck may also have contributed to a new reluctance to use that route.
But the first attempts were disorganised, using small inflatables and even kayaks bought at the local Decathlon sports store.
"At the beginning, it's always the pioneers," said Nando Sigona, professor of international migration and forced displacement at the University of Birmingham. "But once it started to seem that it was working for a number of people, you could see the bigger players came to be involved."
One migrant from Sudan, who would only give his name as Yasir, had been trying for three years to get to the UK.
While shaking his head about the tragedy, he pointed out that other methods of smuggling, such as hiding on a truck, were also dangerous.
"You could break a leg," he said. "You can die.''
And as dangerous as the sea voyage might prove, it seemed to many migrants to be safer than other options. The only thing preventing it is the cost, which he had heard was €1200.
"We don't have any money," Yasir said. "If I had money, I'd go to the boat.''
Police cracked down on local boat purchases, and the larger inflatables started to show up, hauled by the dozens inside cars and vans with German and Belgian tags, police said. France's interior minister, Gerald Darmanin, said a car with German tags was seized in connection with the investigation.
Police raids on the camps to pull down tents and disrupt operations have given smugglers yet another chance to make money, said Nikolai Posner, of the aid group Utopia 56. Now, the fee includes a short-term tent rental and access to basic food, usually cooked over an open fire.
"There is one solution to stop all this, the deaths, the smugglers, the camps. Make a humanitarian corridor," said Posner. He said asylum requests should be easier on both sides of the Channel.
In part because of Brexit and coronavirus, expulsions from the UK this year dropped to just five people, according to the Home Office. Vu said people who are intercepted at sea or land by British border forces end up in migrant centers, but usually just get back in touch with the smuggling networks and end up working black market jobs.
That's the complaint in France, where the interior minister said British employers appear more than happy to hire under the table, providing yet another financial incentive.
"If they're in Calais, it's to get to Britain, and the only people who can guarantee them passage are these networks of smugglers," said Ludovic Hochart, a Calais-based police officer with the Alliance union. "The motivation to get to England is stronger than the dangers that await."
On Sunday, ministers from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and EU officials will meet to search for solutions. But, with France and Britain at sharp odds over migration, fishing and how to rebuild a working relationship after Brexit, there is one notable absence: a British delegation.
For Vu, that's a missed opportunity: "This is transnational crime. It spans many borders and it's not up to only one country to solve it." - AP
The site was used by Hezbollah to plan attacks on Israeli civilians.