Those with a packed schedule processed information more quickly and had superior memory, reasoning and vocabulary to those who took it easy, the journal Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience reported.
Researcher Dr Sarah Festini, of the University of Texas at Dallas, said: "We show that people who report greater levels of daily busyness tend to have better cognition, especially with regard to memory for recently learned information."
The ability to remember specific events in the past was also particularly impressive.
The scientists admitted their findings do not prove being busy is good for the brain. For instance, it may be that people whose minds are still sharp do more things.
However, a spokesman for the team said: "Busy people are likely to have more opportunities to learn as they are exposed to more information and encounter a wider range of situations in daily life."