James Lee: Where NZ Govt should put its money

Last year closed out an amazing decade for capital markets as they continued to rebound from the 2008 global financial crisis.

The decade ahead will leave a lasting mark on future generations as interest rates hit record lows, assets hit record highs and populist governments thrive due to the inequality that the combination of those two things creates. The enormous wealth created has significantly altered investor behaviour and expectations.

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Over the past decade, with both debt and equity capital becoming so cheap, we saw many investors chase higher risk, hoping to get returns by funding loss-making or barely profitable businesses, sometimes for a very long time.

Some of these businesses have fundamentally changed our lives and are reshaping our economies, and they have been some of the biggest benefactors of an unusual decade. In a different decade, those businesses would have been forced to focus on margins, profitability, accountability and governance, as opposed to growth.

It would be hard to argue that Uber, Netflix and Tesla haven't fundamentally improved consumers' lives, but those same companies (by our estimates) have collectively lost US$21 billion ($31.6b) since 2008. Amazon, the poster child of growth, only made US$28b in total profit over that period. Compare that to Apple, which made US$424b, Microsoft, which made US$252b, or Google, which made US$142b.

Some of these business models wouldn't have survived in a different cycle. The near failure of WeWork was a very public statement from capital markets that suggests they do in fact have a limit, and that some of these businesses now need to prove they can be sustainable.

So as we look to the decade ahead, investors are confronted with new challenges in how and where they deploy capital. After decades of under-investment, one of those areas will be building the infrastructure needed for future generations.

Infrastructure investment is a critical part of any successful economy because infrastructure is a tool that improves our lives. Less congestion, better schools, better hospitals, increased safety, cheaper electricity, and cleaner air all contribute to a better way of life and enable us to deal with future issues such as climate change.

Governments and corporates are equally responsible for building the world of tomorrow and we all share the same desire to get it right because the benefits are for everyone - better quality of life for our citizens, higher tax takes with less cost for our governments, and higher returns for corporates.

Despite everyone benefiting from it, infrastructure around the world is ageing and in some cases is no longer fit for purpose, primarily because the use of our infrastructure has grown more quickly than both the maintenance of existing infrastructure, and new building. The issue is that infrastructure involves long-term planning for an unknown future, and therefore it is easy for governments and corporates to kick decisions down the road.

Governments face the problem of short election cycles; corporates face the challenge of short-term returns expected by shareholders on investment; local councils can't directly tax the users of infrastructure; and the consumer wants it as cheap as possible, and they want it today.

So where you end up is election promises, band-aid solutions, projects being built too late and no coherent plan. The worst form of spending is governments playing Santa to win votes and corporates making ego statements.

In the past, we planned roads because we knew there were going to be cars, and we built railways to move goods from A to B. Rapid technological changes and rising environmental demands are now factors that also weigh in to the debate, which means that infrastructure investment requires more careful thought and long-term planning than ever.

To put it into context for New Zealand, to build the infrastructure we need to support our future requires 5G networks, charging networks, light rail, heavy rail, bigger ports, drone stations, new office buildings, better roads, more bridges, more hotels, better housing, modern schools, modern hospitals, bike lanes, electric scooter parking and lanes, more airport runways - and the list goes on. The amount of investment required is in the hundreds of billions and therefore it is not a task that the Government can undertake alone.

Successful infrastructure investment requires:
• A clearly communicated vision with a detailed plan spanning decades
• An incentive structure to align the right behaviours between private and public investment
• An autonomous body that is accountable with clear, measurable criteria and real governance
• A funding model that attracts the capital from both public and private sources.

Prioritising infrastructure spending requires projects to be measured in terms of value (including both social and economic factors), targeting capital towards those with clear regulation which provide a fair return for risk and have a social obligation enforced on the owners, proportionate to the value they are receiving.

The good news is that over the years we have experimented with various models that have given us great infrastructure, sharing the burden between private and public investment fairly. Yet we don't seem to stick to one model.

The mixed-ownership model for the gentailers listed in the Government share offer programme saw the Government retain control, receive billions of dollars and today its holdings are worth more for its majority stakes than when it owned 100 per cent.

Napier Port got the funds to build a new wharf and its 55 per cent stake is nearly worth the same as when it owned 100 per cent.

Crown Fibre Holdings delivered a world-class fibre network to New Zealand at minimal cost to the Crown.

The retirement sector is building part of the infrastructure required to provide care to our population, at zero cost to the Government by aligning the investment model to the outcomes desired.

Kiwishare required the telecommunications industry to service non-profitable parts of the network in return for the right to earn from the profitable parts.

So, we have many good examples of how models can work to effectively align private and public capital to deliver on the infrastructure potential. What capital markets and investors will be looking for in 2020 will not be promises of money being spent randomly over a decade, but rather a clearly articulated plan that is measured with a fair incentive structure that balances social requirements against the returns the public and private capital require.

The positive takeaway from the past decade is that the cost of funding is so low today that capital is readily available from private and public markets. If a Government can get the model right, it will deliver the infrastructure for years to come.

- James Lee is CEO of New Zealand investment and advisory group Jarden.