The other is that the international price of permits is $20 a tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.
The actual price will not be known until trading begins.
On those assumptions the study concludes that:
* The costs of the Glenbrook steel works could rise to the point that its viability is undermined.
* The costs of agricultural production would rise by 5.5 per cent for dairying, 10 per cent for beef, 16 per cent for lamb and 21 per cent for venison.
* Wholesale gas prices would rise 30 per cent, coal prices 60 per cent and electricity prices 16 per cent.
* Transport fuels would rise around 4c a litre.
* The cost of a New Zealand-made refrigerator would rise 1 or 2 per cent.
The chief executive of the Employers and Manufacturers Association (Northern), Alasdair Thompson, said New Zealand would be disadvantaged whatever the price of carbon, because our main competitors - the United States and Australia - were not signing the protocol.
