A young, collared wolf in Lassen County, California. Wolves have returned to the area, where the last original wild wolf was killed by a hunter in 1924. Photo / Morgan Heim via The New York Times
A young, collared wolf in Lassen County, California. Wolves have returned to the area, where the last original wild wolf was killed by a hunter in 1924. Photo / Morgan Heim via The New York Times
For the past 10 years, wolves have been steadily returning to California after being wiped out a century ago. But not everyone is rolling out the welcome mat.
Kent Laudon, a wolf biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, woke up one morning last year to a flurry of text messages from a rancher in the state's northernmost county. He was asking about a post with wildly specific details spreading across Facebook that urged people to find a red truck that was transporting breeding wolves along Route 97 into Siskiyou County, California. Laudon was not surprised. This wasn't the first post of its kind, and it wouldn't be the last.
"Wolves make people crazy," he said of these persistent rumours. "And for the record: No, we're not importing wolves. That never happened."
Wolves don't need to be dropped off in California because they are returning on their own. The last of the state's original wild wolves was killed by a hunter in Lassen County in Northern California in 1924. Since 2011, a series of roving canids have come and gone. Now it seems that in the state's far-north counties, families of wolves are there to stay, with a relatively stable population of about 20 wolves. That number may fluctuate once spring begins and new pups emerge from their dens, but California can probably expect to have wolves calling the state home for years to come.
Their return is motivating conservationists and scientists like Laudon to battle misinformation and the deep politicisation of the species. Simultaneously, biologists are learning more about their habits in an effort to help humans and wolves coexist.
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Centuries ago, North America had anywhere from 250,000 to 2 million grey wolves. When settlers arrived, they quickly decimated the wolves' native prey of bison, elk and deer, and then replaced them with livestock. California's wolves were no exception.
But experts agree it was only a matter of time before wolves returned.
Wolves roamed a meadow frequented by grazing cattle in Lassen County, California. Photo / Morgan Heim via The New York Times
When wolves go in search of mates and their own territory, they disperse from their packs on remarkable journeys. A wolf named OR-7 roamed California for 15 months starting in December 2011. His radio collar recorded around 6,400km in his quest for a partner; he eventually found one in Oregon, his home state. One of his daughters, OR-54, travelled over 14,000km, including a trip to the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Last year, a 2-year-old lone wolf broke records when he travelled through the Central Coast of California, the first known to do so in over a century. The wolf, named OR-93, wandered from the Mount Hood area of Oregon to San Luis Obispo County, California. In November, he was hit by a car 80km north of Los Angeles after travelling over 1,610km through the state.
While scientists believe that other uncollared wolves have been roaming wide swaths of the state largely undetected, wolves did not stay put in California until recently.
In 2015, the state briefly became home to its first modern wolf pack when a pair of wolves from Oregon arrived in the Shasta County area. The "Shasta Pack" were the first wild wolves to settle in California since the species' eradication in the state, which took place in the same area. When the Shasta Pack mysteriously disappeared months later after one litter, California was again without wolves.
In 2017, a new wolf pack took up residence over a 800km area where western Lassen and northern Plumas counties meet. The "Lassen Pack" has had successful litters every year since its arrival. In November 2020, two new wolves arrived to the state, creating the "Whaleback Pair" — and their new pups — which now occupy 480 square miles in eastern Siskiyou County. Last May, biologists discovered the "Beckwourth Pack" in eastern Plumas County, led by a 2-year-old female from the Lassen Pack.
There are an estimated 6,000 wolves in the lower 48 states. California's current wolves dispersed from three modern populations: Yellowstone, Idaho and northwest Montana. Wolves entered Montana on their own but were hunted relentlessly. They were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho though Canada in the 1990s. From there, some dispersed to Washington state. Oregon's first pack arrived in 2009. A trip south into California was inevitable.
"For the most part, California has really laid out the welcome mat for wolves. When OR-7 came in 2011, it was an enormous celebratory moment," said Amaroq Weiss, a wolf biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity. "We've seen the same spike of excitement with every new wolf that has come into California. People are drawn to the story of a lone individual seeking a mate or going on an adventure in a place where his species hasn't been for years."
Kent Laudon, a wolf biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and his dog Sammie. Photo / Morgan Heim via The New York Times
However inviting California has been, the state's landscape looks very different than it did a century ago when its last wild wolves were wiped out. The number of people living in the state's remote north has doubled since then.
And where there are people living, working and farming, wolves often have a bad reputation.
"Wolves have been politicised because they are right in the middle of this divide between rural and urban, and this divide we have in the country between one set of facts and another," Laudon said.
The grey wolf was removed from the federal endangered species list in the final months of the Trump administration. Weeks later, in February 2021, Wisconsin hunters killed 218 wolves in 60 hours, exceeding a season long hunting quota of 119. That obliterated nearly 20 per cent of the entire state's wolf population in less than three days (illegal poaching might have killed more). Wildlife groups and Ojibwe tribes sued in response, and the November 2021 hunt was put on hold.
Then in February, a federal judge in California restored the wolves' federal protection, which will end hunts like the one in Wisconsin for now.
But even with the protections restored, the ruling excludes wolves in much of the northern Rocky Mountain regions. Because of their higher populations, wolves in Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and parts of Washington, Oregon and Utah were not included in the scope of the decision. For now, these wolves will still be managed by their respective states.
An alpha female wolf photographed by a camera trap set by Kent Laudon. Photo / Morgan Heim via The New York Times
In 2021, lawmakers in Idaho signed a bill that allowed almost no restrictions on how roughly 1,500 wolves in the state were to be hunted, and the purchase of unlimited wolf hunting permits. In addition to approving neck snares, baiting and nighttime hunting, a new law in Montana allows bounties on wolves, much like the early 20th century practices that endangered the species in the first place.
In recent months, Yellowstone National Park officials were distressed to learn at least 20 grey wolves were killed after wandering out of park boundaries onto state land in Montana, Wyoming and Idaho. That is the highest number of hunting season deaths since the species was reintroduced to the area in 1995. Now, there are fewer than 100 wolves in the park.
"The wolf is a surrogate for people's hatred against government intervention because they've been protected. People see protecting wolves as a symbol of everything they hate about the government telling them what they can and can't do," Weiss said.
In contrast, California, a state that has both extremely rural and extremely urban areas, has one of the strongest state endangered species acts in the nation. It is a crime to kill a wolf in California.
Where the wolves roam, the state's fish and wildlife agency tracks their whereabouts and collects blood samples, DNA samples, weight statistics and health information whenever possible to gain a better understanding of who stays, who leaves and where they settle. Some wolves are fitted with satellite modems attached to neck collars. California and Oregon's fish and wildlife departments speak regularly about individual wolves and share their collar data. Occasionally uncollared wolves pop up on trail cameras or through DNA samples in California, typically in Lassen, Modoc, Plumas and Siskiyou counties.
The wolves even managed to survive the Dixie wildfire in California, the second largest in the state's history, which swept through their territories and burned nearly 1 million acres last summer.
But that doesn't mean everyone is happy about wolves returning. An important part of Laudon's job is battling the wolves' bad reputation. He tries to break down barriers by presenting information in a non threatening way that allows people to make their own decisions. Sometimes it works.
Wallace Roney, left, installing an electric fence with fladry - strips of fabric or cloth that flap in the wind and that are meant to deter wolves. Photo / Morgan Heim via The New York Times
Dusty de Braga is a contract grazer who manages cattle across 200,000 acres of Lassen and Plumas counties. When he first heard that wolves were back in California, he assumed they were being imported.
"It seemed fishy to me," he said. After seeing data on how far the collared wolves travelled, he changed his mind.
"Now I think it's not out of the realm of possibility they naturally dispersed," he said, but he added that plenty of other people were still convinced that state wildlife officials brought them in.
De Braga has seen wolves semi regularly since they arrived. He estimates that between his herds and the herds of his two closest neighbours, wolves have killed over 20 cows and calves in the last five years. Some, but not all, have been confirmed by the Department of Fish and Wildlife.
"Wolves are new here. When it's new it's the hardest. Any time wolves kill something, that's what gets in the paper. For 363 days of the year, it's fine. Two days wolves screw up, and it makes the news," Laudon said. "It fosters the notion that they're this really damaging critter, and the good news is, usually wolves aren't anywhere near that bad."
In fact, wolf managers believe the animals are far from the unrivalled livestock killers people imagine them to be. They can be scared off by aggressive mother cows. Wolves are also easily deterred by electric fences, bright lights and flashes. When they do stalk cattle, they typically pick off young, weak and sick animals. Otherwise, they scavenge dead carcasses.
The problem is scale. For de Braga and many others who are dealing with large herds across hundreds of thousands of acres, deterring wolves seems futile.
"It's pretty hard to like wolves when they cost us so much money. They don't kill cattle every day, but there's no compensation program when they do," he said.
According to a US Department of Agriculture report, 98 per cent of adult cattle deaths — and 89 per cent of calf deaths — are the result of non-predator issues like respiratory problems, old age, birthing complications, infections and poisonous weeds.
And for that small per cent of kills, other predators are often to blame, like coyotes — responsible for the majority of cattle deaths — dogs, bears, cougars, bobcats and vultures. Wolves come in behind all of those animals. Even those USDA numbers have been questioned by the Humane Society of the United States, which released a report in 2019 stating that the numbers were greatly inflated compared with state department of fish and wildlife reports.
"They're fascinating but they're expensive to have in your country," de Braga said. "It wouldn't hurt my feelings if they decided to leave, but at the same time I'm not going to go shoot them."
And in California, no one can shoot them legally. Those protections mean wolves in the state's north are able to act like wolves. While other places debate the animals' reputation as either suitable or harmful, wolves can continue their seasonal cycles of growing up, leaving the pack, finding a mate and denning. Biologists are now realising how much there is to learn about what wolves actually do when they can act naturally.
