The white woman who accused black teenager Emmett Till of whistling at and accosting her — causing his 1955 lynching in Mississippi and galvanising a generation of activists to rise up in the Civil Rights Movement — has died at 88.
Carolyn Bryant Donham died in hospice care On Wednesday in Westlake, Louisiana, according to a death report filed in the Calcasieu Parish Coroner’s Office.
Her death marks the last chance for anyone to be held accountable for a kidnapping and brutal murder that shocked the world.
Till’s mother, Mamie Till Mobley, insisted on an open-casket funeral in their home town of Chicago so the world could see her 14-year-old son’s mutilated body, which was pulled from a river in Mississippi. Jet magazine published photos.
In August 1955, Till travelled from Chicago to visit relatives in Mississippi. Donham — then 21 and named Carolyn Bryant — accused him of making improper advances on her at a grocery store where she was working in the small community of Money. The Rev Wheeler Parker, a cousin of Till who was there, has said Till whistled at the woman, an act that flew in the face of Mississippi’s racist social codes of the era.
Evidence indicates a woman identified Till to Donham’s then-husband Roy Bryant and his half-brother J.W. Milam, who killed the teenager. An all-white jury acquitted the two white men in the killing, but the men later confessed in an interview with Look magazine.
When Till disappeared in Mississippi, Ollie Gordon — one of Till’s cousins — was seven years old and living in the Chicago home with Till’s mother and family. Gordon said on Friday that in the days following when he went missing, the home was full of fear because people knew there was a strong likelihood he had been killed.
Gordon said she had mixed emotions about Donham’s death.
“She was never tried in the court of man,” Gordon said. “But I think she was judged by God, and his wrath is more punitive than any judgment or penalty she could have gotten in a courtroom. I don’t think she had a pleasant or happy life.”
Parker is the last living witness to Till’s abduction. He has said in interviews and speeches that he heard Till whistle at the woman working behind the counter at Bryant’s Grocery and Meat Market.
Days later, Parker saw Till be kidnapped in the dark of night from their uncle’s home in Mississippi where the teenagers were staying. Parker said his heart went out to Donham.
“As a person of faith for more than 60 years, I recognise that any loss of life is tragic and don’t have any ill will or animosity toward her,” Parker said. “Even though no one now will be held to account for the death of my cousin and best friend, it is up to all of us to be accountable for the challenges we still face in overcoming racial injustice.”
Last year, President Joe Biden was proud to sign the Emmett Till Anti-Lynching Act to make lynching a federal crime, White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said on Friday.
“The president is committed to ... dealing with racial hatred,” Jean-Pierre said.
In an unpublished memoir obtained by Associated Press last year, Donham said she was unaware of what would happen to Till.
The contents of the 99-page manuscript, titled I am More Than A Wolf Whistle, were first reported by the Mississippi Center for Investigative Reporting. Historian and author Timothy Tyson of Durham, North Carolina, who said he obtained a copy from Donham while interviewing her in 2008, provided a copy to AP.
Tyson had placed the manuscript in an archive at the University of North Carolina with the agreement it not be made public for decades, though he said he gave it to the FBI during an investigation the agency concluded in 2021. A campus spokesperson on Friday said the university returned Tyson’s materials to him last year because they did not agree on open access to the information.
Tyson last year said he decided to make the memoir public after some of Till’s relatives and other people doing research at the Leflore County, Mississippi, courthouse in June found an arrest warrant on kidnapping charges that were issued for “Mrs Roy Bryant” in 1955 but never served.
Tyson said on Friday that Donham’s precise role in the killing of Till remains murky, but it’s clear she was involved.
“It has comforted America to see this as merely a story of monsters, her among them,” Tyson said. “What this narrative keeps us from seeing is the monstrous social order that cared nothing for the life of Emmett Till nor thousands more like him. Neither the federal government nor the government of Mississippi did anything to prevent or punish this murder. Condemning what Donham did is easier than confronting what America was — and is.”
Last year, members of the New Black Panther Party and other activists began showing up at addresses associated with the ageing Donham, including in North Carolina and Kentucky. They were there to serve unofficial “warrants” for her arrest and trial.
Weeks after the unserved arrest warrant was found, the office of Mississippi Attorney General Lynn Fitch said there was no new evidence to pursue a criminal case against Donham. In August, a district attorney said a Leflore County grand jury declined to indict Donham.
Till’s cousin, Priscilla Sterling, filed a federal lawsuit against the current Leflore County Sheriff, Ricky Banks, on February 7, seeking to compel him to serve the 1955 warrant on Donham. In a response on April 13, Banks’ attorney said there was no point serving the warrant on Donham because the grand jury did not indict her last year.
The Emmett Till Legacy Foundation, run by some of Till’s relatives, posted a blank black square to social media sites on Fridayafter news of Donham’s death was reported.