International Monetary Fund chief Christine Lagarde warned the U.S. not to allow the standoff to get that far.
"The government shutdown is bad enough, but failure to raise the debt ceiling would be far worse, and could very seriously damage not only the U.S. economy, but the entire global economy," Lagarde said in a speech.
"So it is "mission-critical" that this be resolved as soon as possible," she said.
The U.S. Treasury warned that failure to raise that debt ceiling could spark a new recession even worse than the one Americans are still recovering from.
Obama laid the blame Thursday at the feet of the Republican leader of the House. He cast Speaker John Boehner as a captive of a small band of conservative activists who want to extract concessions in exchange for passing the short term spending bill that would restart the government.
"The only thing preventing people from going back to work and basic research starting back up and farmers and small business owners getting their loans, the only thing that is preventing all that from happening right now, today, in the next five minutes is that Speaker John Boehner won't even let the bill get a yes or no vote because he doesn't want to anger the extremists in his party," Obama said.
Boehner swiftly shot back, criticizing Obama and his "my-way-or-the-highway approach." Boehner said that if the president would negotiate to fix flaws in "Obamacare," the shutdown could end.
"The president's insistence on steamrolling ahead with this flawed program is irresponsible," he said.
The exchange came a day after a White House meeting between Obama and congressional leaders yielded no progress.
At issue is the sweeping overhaul of the U.S. health care system that is the centerpiece of Obama's domestic policy agenda. The 3-year-old law is designed to extend insurance to millions of Americans without coverage. Republicans led by a core of conservatives aligned with the small-government tea party movement argue the plan is costing jobs and intruding on private decision-making by requiring Americans to have health insurance.
The shutdown is keeping hundreds of thousands of federal workers home and affecting Americans in ways large and small. Scores of government programs, from feeding pregnant women to staffing call centers at the federal tax agency, were disrupted. Obama truncated a long-planned trip to Asia.
The shutdown itself is estimated to trim only about 0.2 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product each week. But that could grow worse if the impasse begins to erode consumer and business confidence.
The U.S. stock market sank to its lowest level in a month Thursday, while indexes in Germany and France also fell.
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Associated press writers Alan Fram and Nancy Benac in Washington and Mathew Brown in Montana contributed to this story.