The developments come amid an already fragile ceasefire brokered by Russia and the United States.
The United States and its allies began launching strikes on Isis targets in Iraq and Syria in 2014. Russia has launched its own raids since intervening to prop up the Syrian government a year ago.
Russia's Defence Ministry said that more than 60 Syrian troops were killed in four airstrikes near the city of Deir al-Zour, the Interfax news agency reported.
DPA reported that the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that the airstrikes killed at least 83 Syrian soldiers and injured 120.
The troops were surrounded by Isis fighters, and the strikes "paved the way for Isis terrorists to attack" a nearby hilltop, Syria's military said in a statement reported by the state-run news agency.
The statement said the alleged strikes were "conclusive evidence that the United States and its allies support Isis and other terrorist organisations".
The Russian Defence Ministry accused the United States of refusing to coordinate its operations with Russia in Syria.
Earlier this month, the two world powers struck a ceasefire agreement, which took effect on Tuesday. The accord calls for a nationwide truce, but that excludes attacks on Isis and a former al-Qaeda affiliate, Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.
Under the agreement, aid agencies should have unrestricted access to besieged populations. But so far, the United Nations has struggled to bring assistance to civilians in blockaded areas.
Nearly half a million people have been killed in the Syrian conflict since 2011.