The dramatic spike in shark attacks along the northern New South Wales coast comes as great whites have been seen lingering ever closer to shore in largely unexplained numbers. Unprovoked shark attacks were, until now, relatively rare in Australia - in the past century they averaged just over five a year. This year, however, there have already been 14 attacks along this stretch of coast.
Now one of the country's most idyllic surfing spots is all but deserted. Schools, families and surfer clubs are cancelling trips to the tourist town. Some local surfers have gone to the Gold Coast or to Byron Bay where there is "safety in numbers". Those who do summon the courage to brave the waves at Ballina stay in tight-knit "pods". Some have adopted boards and wetsuits with bold stripes which are said to confuse and repel sharks. But all of them are nervous.
"Sometimes you last only 15 minutes," says David Hall, owner of the Flat Rock tent park. "If the sun's not out and the water's murky, it plays on your mind." His wife, Kellie, says watching children surf is nerve-racking. "You stand on the beach and you just panic." Jeff Templeton, owner of surf shop Beachworkz, says sales of "anything to do with getting in the water - boards, wetsuits, flippers - are as dead as dead".
The now-routine sight of a helicopter carrying out shark surveillance flights is a source of comfort. The Mayor of Ballina shire, David Wright, has held countless meetings this year with New South Wales officials, surf lifesavers, environmentalists and shark experts, and attended the "world's first" shark summit in Sydney, where they examined options for dealing with the problem. "The only thing that's going to protect the whole beach is a barrier."
Thanks to Wright's advocacy, the state Government has agreed to make Ballina the focal point of a new shark mitigation trial which has funding of A$16 million ($17.6 million) over five years. The programme is aimed at improving shark surveillance and warning systems, with helicopters, drones and buoys detecting sharks using sonar and satellite, as well as shark tagging, phone app alerts and beach sirens.
The cornerstone of the trial is a new form of shark net already in use in Western Australia, which features rigid plastic loops that retain their size, thereby reducing the risk of entangling fish, dolphins and turtles. These "eco-nets", which are expensive to make, install and maintain, are destined for only two north coast beaches, including an 800m stretch along Lighthouse beach, the site of Nakahara's fatal attack. But that is not expected to be until after Christmas, the peak holiday season.
Notably absent from the discussion in New South Wales is any serious consideration of culling, a traditional kneejerk response to rises in shark attacks elsewhere. Marine ecologist Daniel Bucher, of Southern Cross University, is pleased that community opposition to culling is shared by politicians and officials.
As to why there have been so many shark attacks at Ballina, Bucher says one of the most plausible theories is the lure of unusually high numbers of "bait fish" close to shore, a factor of warmer waters and more nutrients. Bucher says the "eco-net" is likely to prove safe for marine life, but he notes the expense and wonders if the money would not be better spent on things that could bring safety to more areas - including a boost to the surf lifesaving service.
In the meantime, the recent spate of attacks may drive usage of fledgling shark-repelling technology. The current market leader, an electro-magnetic cable by SharkShield called a "Surf7", has been shown in testing to have had a "significant" deterrent effect on great white shark attacks on tuna bait, Bucher says. While these could be eventually developed on a larger scale as a shield for entire beaches, Bucher says it could be "more cost-effective to subsidise uptake among individual surfers". Wright has paid A$900 to order one for Rogers. "When I get that," Rogers said, "I'll get out and go for it. I've got to get back in the water - properly."
A day later, Rogers returned to the water at Lighthouse and noticed a large rock under the water. "I looked down and I saw a 4m great white". He steeled himself and looked again. "Then I saw a rock."
Dangerous waters
• Fourteen shark attacks along the northern New South Wales coast this year.
• Five attacks have occurred at Ballina's Shelly and Lighthouse beaches.
