It comes just two weeks after a man was handed a record sentence of six years and six months for trying to fly drugs worth £48,000 into three prisons in the south.
A Ministry of Justice source said: "What we are saying to people who fly drones into prisons is that they will be caught and they will be spending a long time behind bars."
As recently as 2013, there were no recorded incidents of drones being used in or around jails in England and Wales, and in 2014 there were only two examples. But by 2015 that number had mushroomed to 33, and in November ministers said there had been a "big increase" on that number in 2016.
Sam Gyimah, the Prisons Minister, said: "We are absolutely determined to tackle the illegal flow of drugs and mobile phones into our prisons and turn them into places of safety and reform.
"The threat posed by drones is clear, but our dedicated staff are committed to winning the fight against those who are attempting to thwart progress by wreaking havoc in establishments all over the country.
"My message to those who involve themselves in this type of criminal activity is clear; we will find you and put you behind bars."
The Ministry of Justice would not divulge how many officers are working on the squad, or the precise nature of the forensic material that they expect to lead them to the operators.