A SpaceX photo shows a life-size test dummy along with a toy that is floating in the Dragon capsule as the capsule made orbit. Photo / AP
A SpaceX photo shows a life-size test dummy along with a toy that is floating in the Dragon capsule as the capsule made orbit. Photo / AP
America's newest capsule for astronauts rocketed towards the International Space Station on a high-stakes test flight by SpaceX.
The only passenger was a life-size test dummy, named Ripley after the lead character in the Alien movies.
SpaceX needs to nail the debut of its crew Dragon capsule before putting peopleon board later this year.
This latest, flashiest Dragon is on a fast track to reach the space station tomorrow, just 27 hours after liftoff.
It will spend five days docked to the orbiting outpost, before making a retro-style splashdown in the Atlantic next Saturday — all vital training for the next space demo, possibly this northern summer, when two astronauts strap in.
SpaceX founder and chief executive Elon Musk said the launch was "super stressful" to watch, but he's hopeful the capsule will be ready to carry people later this year.
"To be frank, I'm a little emotionally exhausted," Musk told reporters barely an hour after liftoff. "We have to dock to the station. We have to come back, but so far it's worked ... we've passed the riskiest items."
Nasa Administrator Jim Bridenstine called it "a big night for the United States of America."
"We're on the precipice of launching American astronauts on American rockets from American soil again for the first time since the retirement of the space shuttles in 2011," said Bridenstine, who got a special tour of the launch pad on the eve of launch, by Musk.
An estimated 5000 NASA and contractor employees, tourists and journalists gathered in the wee hours at Kennedy Space Centre with the SpaceX launch team, as the Falcon 9 rocket blasted off before dawn local time from the same spot where Apollo moon rockets and space shuttles once soared.
Across the country at SpaceX Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, company employees went wild, cheering every step of the way until the capsule successfully reached orbit.
Looking on from Kennedy's Launch Control were the two Nasa astronauts who will strap in as early as July for the second space demo, Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken. Shortly after liftoff, Musk asked them, "How do you feel about flying on it?"
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket with a demo Crew Dragon spacecraft lifts off at the Kennedy Space Centre in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Photo / AP
It's been eight years since Hurley and three other astronauts flew the last space shuttle mission, and human launches from Florida ceased.
Nasa turned to private companies, SpaceX and Boeing, and has provided them US$8 billion to build and operate crew capsules to ferry astronauts to and from the space station. Now Russian rockets are the only way to get astronauts to the 400km-high outpost. Soyuz tickets have skyrocketed over the years; Nasa currently pays US$82 million per seat.
Boeing aims to conduct the first test flight of its Starliner capsule in April, with astronauts on board possibly in August.
Bridenstine said he's confident that astronauts will soar on a Dragon or Starliner — or both — by year's end. But he stressed there's no rush.
"We are not in a space race," he said. "That race is over. We went to the moon and we won. It's done. Now we're in a position where we can take our time and make sure we get it right."
SpaceX already has made 16 trips to the space station using cargo Dragons. The white crew Dragon is slightly bigger — 8m tip to tip — and considerably fancier and safer. Musk said the redesigned capsule has "hardly a part in common" with its predecessor.
It features four seats, three windows, touch-screen computer displays and life-support equipment, as well as eight abort engines to pull the capsule to safety in the event of a launch emergency. Solar cells are mounted on the spacecraft for electrical power, as opposed to the protruding solar wings on cargo Dragons.
"It's an incredibly sleek looking vehicle from the inside and it's very easy to operate," Hurley told reporters just hours before liftoff. He marvels at how the Dragon has just 30 buttons and touch screens, compared with the space shuttle cockpit's 2000 switches and circuit breakers.
For the test , the Ripley dummy was strapped into the far left seat, wearing the company's snappy white spacesuit. The other seats were empty, save for a small plush toy resembling Earth that was free to float upon reaching zero-gravity.
"Super high tech zero-g indicator added just before launch!" Musk tweeted. True to his word, the toy rose weightlessly above the seat once the capsule was in orbit.
As many as seven astronauts could squeeze in, although four will be the norm once flights get going, allowing for a little cargo room. About 200kg of supplies are going up on this flight.
The capsule is designed to dock and undock automatically with the space station. Cargo Dragon must be manoeuvered with the station's robot arm.
Like Ripley, the capsule is rigged with sensors. Engineers will be carefully watching sound, vibration and other stresses on the spacecraft, while monitoring the life-support, communication and propulsion systems. Some of the equipment needs more work — possibly even redesign — before serving human passengers.
"We're going to learn a ton from this mission," said Nasa's commercial crew programme manager, Kathy Lueders.
Flight operations team members — some of them new to this — also need the six-day trial run, according to Kennedy Space Centre's director, Robert Cabana.
The objective is to make the next demo flight, with Hurley and Behnken, as safe as possible. The more immediate goal is to avoid harming the space station and its three occupants: an American, Canadian and Russian.
"Seeing a success like this definitely gives us a lot of confidence in the future," Behnken said.
Despite SpaceX's success at recovering and reusing its rockets, Nasa is insisting on brand new boosters from SpaceX for the crew capsule flights. The first-stage booster used today landed on a floating platform in the Atlantic, following liftoff. SpaceX plans to recycle the newly flying capsule for a high-altitude abort test, along with a booster launched and retrieved a week ago.
