A woman speaks with a child as they wait in the Przemysl train station in Poland yesterday after fleeing Ukraine. Photo / AP
After bombs started falling in her home town of Kharkiv, Annamaria Maslovska left her friends, her toys and her life in Ukraine and set off on a days-long journey with her mother toward safety in the West.
After finally crossing the Hungarian border by train, along with hundreds of other Ukrainian refugees, the 10-year-old said she was worried about her friends in Kharkiv after the messages she sent to them on Viber went unanswered.
"I really miss them because I can't contact them, they just read my messages and that's all. I really worry, because I don't know where they are," she said, speaking clear English from inside the train station at the border town of Zahony.
Annamaria, who was raised alone by her mother, is one of more than a million children who have fled Ukraine in the less than two weeks since Russia invaded the country, something Unicef spokesman James Elder called "a dark historical first".
That means that children represent at least half of the more than two million people who have fled the war, an exodus the UN refugee agency has called the fastest-growing refugee crisis in Europe since World War II. There have even been cases of children having to make the journey alone.
While very young children may not grasp that their lives have been upended, older ones are aware of their hardship, and risk suffering the psychological trauma of war and seeking refuge, experts say.
For Margot, a 1-year-old girl who travelled from Kyiv to the Siret border crossing in Romania, the journey was like a "little adventure", said her mother, Viktoria Filonchuk, 37.
But for older children, she suspects they understand the "tragedy" of what they are going through.
"Such little kids maybe don't understand this, but kids of about 3 or 4 years understand all the tragedy. I think it is very hard for them," Filonchuk said.
Daniel Gradinaru, a co-ordinator of Fight for Freedom, a Christian NGO at the Romanian border, said that older children could be "marked for the rest of their lives" by the experience of unexpectedly leaving their homes and travelling for days in the cold.
"I hope that where they are going the people receiving them give them counselling," Gradinaru said.
Most of those fleeing the war have entered countries on Ukraine's western border, like Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Romania and Moldova. The majority have gone to Poland, where 1.33 million refugees have crossed the border according to the Polish Border Guard agency.
Many Ukrainians in recent days have attempted to flee their cities through humanitarian corridors opened up to give them safe passage out of conflict areas.
But Natalia Mudrenko, the highest-ranking woman at Ukraine's UN Mission, has accused Russia of holding civilians, including women and children, "hostage" in some of Ukraine's embattled cities and attacking them as they attempt to flee.
Speaking at a UN Security Council meeting Tuesday afternoon, Mudrenko said that civilians "are not allowed to leave and the humanitarian aid is not let in".
"If they try to leave Russians open fire and kill them," Mudrenko said, her voice shaking with emotion. "They are running out of food and water, and they die."
She said a 6-year-old girl died on Monday in the besieged city of Mariupol on the Azov Sea, "alone in the last moments of her life, as her mother was killed by Russian shelling".
Valeria Varenko, 9, travelled day and night to Hungary with her mother Julia and her little brother after bombings forced them to shelter in the basement of their apartment building in the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv.
The family reached a temporary refugee reception centre in Barabas, Hungary, on Wednesday where Valeria said she wanted to tell children left behind in Ukraine to be careful, and not to touch any objects in the street because "they could be bombs which can hurt them very much."
Her father stayed behind to help defend Kyiv from Russian troops edging closer to the city. She said she was proud of him and misses him "very much".
"I would really like him to come, but unfortunately he isn't allowed," she said.
In addition to children, most other refugees are women — the mothers and grandmothers of the children who are bringing them to safety — since Ukrainian men from age 18 to 60 aren't permitted to leave the country.
That policy is aimed at keeping men available to fight against Russian forces that are making deeper incursions into Ukrainian territory.
Annamaria's home town of Kharkiv, Ukraine's second-largest city with 1.5 million inhabitants, has undergone heavy bombardment by Russian forces. Residential areas in the city near the Russian border were shelled for several days before a missile strike hit a government building in the city's central Freedom Square last week, killing at least six.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy called the attack "frank, undisguised terror".
Even though she's only 10, the precocious Annamaria already knows she wants to be an actress in the United States, and is proud of speaking English so well.
"I want to be an actress in USA and English is a very popular language," she said. "A big percent of people in the world know it and it's very easy to speak it in other countries."
She and her mother, Viktoria, plan to travel on to Hungary's capital, Budapest, but don't know where they will go after that. Annamaria said she hoped to visit Disneyland in Paris.
Once the war ends, she said, she wants to go back to Kharkiv and reconnect with her friends who have been scattered by Russia's violent invasion.
"If war stops, I really want to go home because there are my friends, there are beautiful parks, supermarkets, centres, and playgrounds behind my house," she said.
"Kharkiv, it's like a piece of your heart."
- AP