Ukrainian forces dug in while Russia lined up more firepower and called up a decorated general as war commander ahead of a potentially decisive showdown in eastern Ukraine that experts said could start within days with a full-scale offensive.
The outcome of that confrontation could determine the course of the war, which has flattened cities, killed untold thousands, and isolated Moscow economically and politically.
Questions remain about the ability of Russia's depleted and demoralised forces to conquer much ground after their advance on the capital, Kyiv, was repelled by determined Ukrainian defenders.
Britain's Defence Ministry reported that the Russian armed forces were trying to compensate for mounting casualties by recalling veterans discharged in the past decade.
Meanwhile, a senior US official said Russia appointed General Alexander Dvornikov, one of its most seasoned military chiefs, to oversee the invasion that Moscow refers to as a "special military operation". The official was not authorised to be identified and spoke on condition of anonymity.
The new battlefield leadership comes as the Russian military prepares for what is expected to be a large, focused push to expand control in the country's east. Russia-backed separatists have fought Ukrainian forces in the eastern Donbas region since 2014 and declared some territory there as independent republics.
Dvornikov, 60, gained prominence as head of the Russian forces that were deployed to Syria in 2015 to shore up President Bashar Assad's regime amid the country's devastating civil war. Russian authorities do not generally confirm such appointments and have said nothing about a new role for Dvornikov, who received the Hero of Russia medal, one of the country's highest awards, from President Vladimir Putin in 2016.
US national security adviser Jake Sullivan, speaking Sunday on CNN's State of the Union, played down the significance of the appointment.
"What we have learned in the first several weeks of this war is that Ukraine will never be subjected to Russia," Sullivan said. "It doesn't matter which general President Putin tries to appoint."
Western military analysts say Russia's assault was increasingly focusing on a sickle-shaped arc of eastern Ukraine — from Kharkiv, Ukraine's second-largest city, in the north to Kherson in the south.
Newly released Maxar Technologies satellite imagery showed an 13km convoy of military vehicles headed south to the Donbas, recalling images of a convoy that got stalled on roads to Kyiv for weeks before Russia gave up on trying to take the capital.
On Sunday, Russian forces shelled government-controlled Kharkiv and sent reinforcements toward Izyum to the southeast in a bid to break Ukraine's defences, the Ukrainian military command said. The Russians also kept up their siege of Mariupol, a key southern port that has been under attack and surrounded for nearly one and a half months.
A Russian Defence Ministry spokesman, Major General Igor Konashenkov, said Russia's military used air-launched missiles to hit Ukraine's S-300 air-defence missile systems in the southern Mykolaiv region and at an airbase in Chuhuiv, a city not far from Kharkiv.
Sea-launched Russian cruise missiles destroyed the headquarters of a Ukrainian military unit stationed farther west in the Dnipro region, Konashenkov said. Neither the Ukrainian nor the Russian military claims could be independently verified.
The airport in Dnipro, Ukraine's fourth-largest city, was also hit by missiles twice on Sunday, according to the regional governor.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy appealed for stronger military and political support from the West, including Nato members that have funnelled weapons and military equipment to Ukraine but denied some requests for fear of getting drawn into the war.
In a late-night video message, Zelenskyy argued that Russia's aggression "was not intended to be limited to Ukraine alone". The "entire European project is a target", he said.
"That is why it is not just the moral duty of all democracies, all the forces of Europe, to support Ukraine's desire for peace.
"This is, in fact, a strategy of defense for every civilised state."
The Ukrainian leader also thanked British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, who made a surprise visit to Kyiv on Saturday. Zelenskyy said they discussed "what help the United Kingdom will provide to the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine", especially to rebuild the Kyiv region.
Ukrainian authorities have accused Russian forces of committing war crimes against civilians, including airstrikes on hospitals, a missile attack that killed 52 people at a train station, and other violence that came to light as Russian soldiers withdrew from the outskirts of Kyiv.
Zelenskyy said that when he and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz spoke by phone Sunday, "we emphasised that all perpetrators of war crimes must be identified and punished".
A day after meeting with Zelenskyy in Kyiv, Austrian Chancellor Karl Nehammer announced that he will meet Monday in Moscow with Putin.
Nehammer aims to encourage dialogue between Ukraine and Russia and to address "war crimes" during the meeting, the Austria Press Agency reported. Austria, a member of the European Union, is militarily neutral and not a member of Nato.
Ukraine has blamed Russia for killing civilians in Bucha and other towns outside the capital where hundreds of bodies, many with their hands bound and signs of torture, were found after Russian troops retreated. Russia has denied the allegations and falsely claimed that the scenes in Bucha were staged.
Maria Vaselenko, 77, a resident of Borodyanka, said her daughter and son-in-law were killed, leaving her grandchildren orphaned.
"The Russians were shooting. And some people wanted to come and help, but they were shooting them. They were putting explosives under dead people," Vaselenko said. "That's why my children have been under the rubble for 36 days. It was not allowed" to remove bodies.
In Mariupol, Russia was deploying Chechen fighters, reputed to be particularly fierce.
Capturing the city on the Sea of Azov would give Russia a land bridge to the Crimean Peninsula, which Russia seized from Ukraine eight years ago.
Residents have lacked food, water, and electricity since Russian forces surrounded the city and frustrated evacuation missions. Ukrainian authorities think an airstrike on a theatre that was being used as a bomb shelter killed hundreds of civilians, and Zelenskyy has said he expects more evidence of atrocities to be found once Mariupol no longer is blockaded.
The Institute for the Study of War, an American think tank, predicted that Russian forces will "renew offensive operations in the coming days" from Izyum, a town southeast of Kharkiv, in the campaign to conquer the Donbas, which comprises Ukraine's industrial heartland.
But in the view of the think tank's analysts, "the outcome of forthcoming Russian operations in eastern Ukraine remains very much in question".
Elsewhere, the International Atomic Energy Agency said Ukraine was able to rotate staff at the decommissioned Chernobyl nuclear plant for only the second time since Russian forces seized the facility early in the war.
The nuclear agency said the situation around Chernobyl, the site of a 1986 nuclear disaster, "remained far from normal" after Russians departed at the end of March.
Ukrainian officials told the agency Sunday that laboratories for radiation monitoring at the site were destroyed and instruments damaged or stolen. — AP
The uneasy alliance of parties forming the government is on the verge of collapse.