Popular weight-loss drugs may raise risk of complications under anaesthesia

A man injects the semaglutide Ozempic, which controls blood sugar levels. Photo / Getty Images

Patients who take blockbuster drugs like Wegovy or Ozempic for weight loss may face life-threatening complications if they need surgery or other procedures that require empty stomachs for aneasthesia. This summer’s guidance to halt the medication for up to a week may not go far enough, either.

Some anaesthesiologists in the US and Canada say they’ve seen growing numbers of patients on the weight-loss drugs who inhaled food and liquid into their lungs while sedated because their stomachs were still full — even after following standard instructions to stop eating six to eight hours in advance.

The drugs can slow digestion so much that it puts patients at increased risk for the problem, called pulmonary aspiration, which can cause dangerous lung damage, infections and even death, said Dr Ion Hobai, an anaesthesiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

“This is such a serious sort of potential complication that everybody who takes this drug should know about it,” said Hobai, who was among the first to flag the issue.

Nearly six million prescriptions for the class of drugs that include Wegovy and Ozempic were written between January and May in the US for people who don’t have diabetes, according to Komodo Health, a healthcare technology company. The drugs induce weight loss by mimicking the actions of hormones, found primarily in the gut, that kick in after people eat. They also target signals between the gut and the brain that control appetite and feelings of fullness, and by slowing how fast the stomach empties.

In June, the American Society of Anaesthesiologists issued guidance advising patients to skip daily weight-loss medications on the day of their surgery and hold off on weekly injections for a week before any sedation procedures. Dr Michael Champeau, the group’s president, said the action was based on anecdotal reports of problems — including aspiration — from around the country.

Patients taking blockbuster drugs like Wegovy for weight loss may face potentially deadly complications if they need surgery that requires empty stomachs for anaesthesia.

It’s not clear how many patients taking the anti-obesity drugs may be affected by the issue. But because the consequences can be so dire, Hobai and a group of colleagues decided to speak out. Writing in the Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, they called for the drug to be stopped for even longer — about three weeks before sedation.

That accounts for how long semaglutide, the active medication in Wegovy, remains in the body, said Dr Philip Jones, a Mayo Clinic anaesthesiologist who is also deputy editor-in-chief of the journal.

“When 90 per cent of it is gone, which is after three weeks, hopefully, everything should go back to normal,” Jones said.

Champeau and Jones both acknowledged there’s not enough evidence to say for certain how long semaglutide should be held to make anaesthesia safe. Many patients won’t see providers far enough in advance to stop the drug three weeks before procedures, Champeau noted.

Aspiration occurs in one of every 2,000 to 3,000 operations that require sedation, and almost half of patients who aspirate during surgery develop a related lung injury. But case reports show recent patients on semaglutide had problems even when they stopped food as long as 20 hours before their procedures.

“There’s nothing that says if you fast twice as long, it will be okay,” Champeau said.

Among the several reports detailing potentially serious problems was one of a patient of Hobai’s, a 42-year-old man in Boston who recently began taking Wegovy, who had to be intubated and suffered respiratory failure that put him in intensive care. He aspirated food that remained in his stomach, despite fasting for 18 hours.

In Chapel Hill, North Carolina, a 31-year-old-woman on a low dose of Ozempic had fasted for 10 hours before a routine endoscopy prior to bariatric surgery last autumn. The procedure had to be stopped because solid food remained in her stomach and she was at high risk for aspiration, the report said.

Since then, doctors have seen dozens of similar cases as use of the weight-loss medication has grown, said Dr Elisa Lund, an anaesthesiologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine.

“It has exponentially increased,” she said.

Hobai is completing a retrospective study of almost 200 patients taking semaglutide. While it’ll be published later this year, the work so far appears to confirm a small study from Brazil, he said. In that study, about a quarter of patients taking semaglutide had residual food in their stomachs during procedures requiring sedation — even after they’d stopped taking the drug for 10 days.

The American Society of Anaesthesiologists advises doctors who are in doubt to treat patients who haven’t paused the drug as if they have full stomachs, which can mean using different types of sedation protocols or delaying procedures, if possible. Jones added that research is urgently needed to update guidelines for doctors and patients.

Novo Nordisk, which makes Ozempic, Wegovy and similar drugs, said the firm’s clinical trial and post-marketing safety data did not show the medications led to aspiration. But the drug maker noted the medications are known to cause delayed emptying of the stomach, and the labels warn of possible gastrointestinal side effects.

Stopping the medications for three weeks can cause problems, too. Patients with diabetes will need another way to control their blood sugar and those seeking to lose weight may regain some, Hobai said.

Hobai suggests people using Wegovy and similar drugs tell their doctors before sedation and discuss the risks and benefits.

“If you’re taking this drug and you need an operation, you will need to have some extra precautions,” he said.