Grand juries failed to commit officers in the Brown and Garner cases, sparking allegations the justice system is weighted against blacks.
But officials in Berkeley said the officer in Wednesday's shooting acted in self-defence.
"You couldn't even compare this with Ferguson or the Garner case in New York," Berkeley Mayor Theodore Hoskins said. "Everybody don't die the same ... at this point, our review indicates that the police did not initiate this."
He said St Louis County and local Berkeley police were conducting independent investigations.
St Louis County police chief Jon Belmar said the 18-year-old suspect levelled a gun at an officer responding to a theft complaint, leaving him with no alternative but to shoot.
Belmar said two men approached the officer's car as it arrived at the service station. One pointed his 9mm pistol at the officer, who drew his own weapon and fired three shots.
"The individual produced a pistol with his arms straight out pointing at the officer across the hood of the police car. At that point, the police officer produced his service weapon and fired."
Police said Martin was known for assault and robbery charges. They are hunting the second man, who fled.
St Louis police said the officer, a 34-year-old white man with six years' experience on the force, was not wearing his body camera. The dashboard camera was also off.
-AFP