The National Transportation Safety Board holds a two-day investigative hearing Dec. 10-11 on the crash of an Asiana Airlines jet that was flying too low and slow while trying to land at San Francisco International Airport last July.
The plane struck a seawall just short of the runway, shearing off its tail and sending the rest of the airliner sliding and turning down the runway before breaking apart and catching fire. Three passengers were killed and scores of others injured.
The hearing will focus on "pilot awareness in a highly automated aircraft," the board said.
Investigators want to know how the three seasoned pilots allowed a passenger jet with no apparent mechanical problems in near-perfect weather conditions to lose speed so dramatically that it was on the brink of stalling moments before the crash.
The pilot flying the plane was attempting to land without use of the autopilot. Normally, the pilot in the second seat is supposed to have his eyes on the plane's computer screens to monitor airspeed and other readings, rather than looking out the window.
In this case, that pilot was a training captain who was grading the performance of the pilot flying the plane. The training captain told investigators he thought the plane's autothrottle was maintaining engine power and thus speed, but discovered that wasn't the case just moments before the crash.
The autothrottle was "armed," or made ready for activation, investigators said in briefings after the accident, but they left open the question whether it was engaged and in idle or another mode.
Aircraft systems can have many modes, or settings, and perform quite differently depending upon the mode.
Pilot "mode awareness" is one of the more common automation-related problems showing up in accidents and incidents, according to an automation study released last month by the Federal Aviation Administration. Mode changes occur frequently during flight, often without any direct action by pilots. If pilots aren't continually paying close attention, they can lose track of which mode their systems are in.
Pilots also make mistakes when selecting modes. Mode selection errors were cited in 27 percent of the accidents reviewed in the FAA study.
Less than six weeks after the Asiana crash, a United Parcel Service cargo jet flying too low while trying to land in Birmingham, Alaska, struck trees and then a power line before crashing into a hillside near the airport. Both pilots were killed.
In that case the autopilot was on, and seconds before the crash there was a loud automated warning that the plane was losing altitude too rapidly, according to investigators. The investigation is continuing, but some safety experts see a possible link between the two accidents.
"I think mode awareness is going to be very central in both investigations," said John Cox, an aviation safety consultant and former accident investigator for the Air Line Pilots Association. "In both cases the airplane appears to have been properly maintained, everybody is properly trained. A lot of the focus is on how the crew operated the airplane so that it ended up with the airplane short of the runway."
The Asiana accident was the first fatal crash of a passenger airline in the U.S. since a regional airline pilot lost control of his plane during a landing approach in Buffalo, New York, in February 2009. In that crash, investigators found the two pilots weren't closely monitoring airspeed and failed to notice when the speed began dropping rapidly.
The first officer also made a programming error at the start of the flight that much later caused the plane's automated stall warning system to go off even though the plane wasn't on the verge of stalling. The startled captain responded to the warning, and again to another automated safety system, sending the plane into a full stall. It plummeted to the ground, killing all 49 people on board and a man in a house below.
There was nothing mechanically wrong with the plane, and the captain should have been able to regain control of the plane if he had responded correctly, investigators said. Such "loss of control" accidents accounted for 43 percent of fatal passenger airline and air cargo accidents over the five years ending in December 2012, according to the International Air Transport Association, which represents carriers around the world.
Last month, the FAA issued new pilot training regulations calling for more attention to teaching pilots how to recover from stalls. The regulations are a response to the regional airline crash and to a pattern of accidents and incidents around the world in which startled pilots faced with situations automation can't resolve fail to appropriately take charge.
"Flight crews are seemingly becoming increasingly reluctant to revert to manual flying when automated systems fail, when aircraft attitudes reach unusual positions, or when airspeeds are not within the appropriate range," the air transport association said in an annual safety report this year. "Flight crews must still be capable of manually operating the aircraft, especially in edge-of-the-envelope situations."
The issue is a sensitive one for the airline industry.
Dan Elwell, senior vice president for safety at the trade association Airlines for America, said he doesn't believe pilots' relationship with aircraft automation is a growing safety problem.
"Pilots today are as proficient as ever. We're not seeing any degradation in stick-and-rudder skills," he said.
Looking ahead, some experts foresee an increasing level of automation in planes and in systems used by air traffic controllers to direct planes. The precision that automation provides will be needed if planes are to safely fly closer together and to direct them more efficiently in and out of airports to accommodate greater demand for air travel, said Hank Krakowski, a former head of FAA air traffic operations.
"There are limits to how well a human can do that, particularly with more airplanes coming in," he said. "So you really do need automation to help manage that."
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