"Cow protection" groups have recently proliferated across the country, buoyed by a ruling from the Hindu nationalist Government which has encouraged stronger anti-cow slaughter laws.
In July this year violent protests broke out across the state of Gujarat after a Hindu gang beat and publicly humiliated four low-caste youths accused of killing a cow.
The youths were spotted stripping the dead cow's hide near the town of Una. They were subsequently stripped, tied to a car and beaten with belts and iron rods by the vigilantes, as a large crowd looked on. A video of the attack was widely circulated online.
In 2015 a 50-year-old Muslim man, Mohammad Akhlaq, was beaten to death over rumours he had eaten beef.
Police told reporters Akhlaq was dragged from his house on the outskirts of New Delhi and attacked by around 100 people.
Akhlaq's daughter Sajida told the Indian Express: "They accused us of keeping cow meat, broke down our doors and started beating my father and brother. My father was dragged outside and beaten with bricks."