Whiffs of banana or apple prove fruit fly has a handle on time, scientists say

The Queensland fruit fly may be aware of time cycles but doesn't know when it's not welcome.

Fruit flies aren't known for their stunning intelligence, but new research suggests they can keep track of time. In a study published yesterday in Current Biology, researchers led by Martin Heisenberg of Rudolf Virchow Centre in Germany used scent cues to show even simple flies can sense time.

Previous studies have shown that mice and honeybees can be conditioned to associate certain times of day with different rewards, like food or a mate. Fruit flies are very well understood - scientists have a great handle on how their genes are organised, so it's not hard to figure out what genetic changes cause behavioral ones - so Heisenberg decided to see if this sense of time could be replicated in a such a simple organism.

For two days in a row, Heisenberg and his colleagues exposed fruit flies to sugary treats in the morning and afternoon - each with a specific smell. On the third day, they had access to both.

"Hungry flies learn that in the morning the odour of banana promises food and that in the afternoon the odour of apple promises food," Heisenberg said. "If this was true for two consecutive days, on the third day the flies in their choice between odour of banana and apple prefer banana in the morning and apple in the afternoon."

They're not exactly building sundials, but it's kind of mind-blowing to imagine such a tiny creature keeping any mark of their days. The effect persisted as long as the "morning" and "afternoon" conditioning sessions were at least four hours apart, and as long as the flies' circadian rhythm wasn't interrupted with constant sunlight.

Now that they know flies exhibit this time-coded behaviour, Heisenberg and his colleagues can explore just what genes have created the capability, and how time functions in a fly brain. That could eventually help explain the phenomenon in other, more complex organisms. However they manage it, it's definitely an evolutionary advantage.

"Most organisms have an endogenous clock to organise their behaviour over the day. This behavioural control is innate," Heisenberg said.

"To be able to modify this control by experience is a substantial advantage. For instance, in nature certain flowers provide food at certain times of the day, certain predators may be around at particular times, etcetera."