Saturn V rocket with Apollo 12's spacecraft aboard in 1969, and, right, NASA's new moon rocket for the Artemis program with the Orion spacecraft on top. Photo / AP
Saturn V rocket with Apollo 12's spacecraft aboard in 1969, and, right, NASA's new moon rocket for the Artemis program with the Orion spacecraft on top. Photo / AP
Years late and billions over budget, Nasa's new moon rocket makes its debut next week in a high-stakes test flight before astronauts get on top.
The 98-metre (322-foot) rocket will attempt to send an empty crew capsule into a far-flung lunar orbit, 50 years after Nasa's famed Apollo moonshots.
Ifall goes well, astronauts could strap in as soon as 2024 for a lap around the moon, with Nasa aiming to land two people on the lunar surface by the end of 2025.
Liftoff is set for Monday morning from Nasa's Kennedy Space Center.
The six-week test flight is risky and could be cut short if something fails, Nasa officials warn.
"We're going to stress it and test it. We're going make it do things that we would never do with a crew on it in order to try to make it as safe as possible," Nasa Administrator Bill Nelson told The Associated Press.
The retired founder of George Washington University's space policy institute said a lot is riding on this trial run. Spiralling costs and long gaps between missions will make for a tough comeback if things go south, he noted.
A cutaway of the Space Launch System or SLS. Photo / AP
"It is supposed to be the first step in a sustained programme of human exploration of the moon, Mars, and beyond," said John Logsdon. "Will the United States have the will to push forward in the face of a major malfunction?"
The price tag for this single mission: more than US$4 billion. Add everything up since the programme's inception a decade ago until a 2025 lunar landing, and there's even more sticker shock: US$93 billion.
Here's a rundown of the first flight of the Artemis programme, named after Apollo's mythological twin sister.
Rocket Power
The new rocket is shorter and slimmer than the Saturn V rockets that hurled 24 Apollo astronauts to the moon a half-century ago. But it's mightier, packing 4 million kilograms (8.8 million pounds) of thrust. It's called the Space Launch System rocket, SLS for short, but a less clunky name is under discussion, according to Nelson. Unlike the streamlined Saturn V, the new rocket has a pair of strap-on boosters refashioned from Nasa's space shuttles.
The boosters will peel away after two minutes, just like the shuttle boosters did, but won't be fished from the Atlantic for reuse. The core stage will keep firing before separating and crashing into the Pacific in pieces. Two hours after liftoff, an upper stage will send the capsule, Orion, racing toward the moon.
Moonship
Nasa's high-tech, automated Orion capsule is named after the constellation, among the night sky's brightest. At 3 metres (11 feet) tall, it's roomier than Apollo's capsule, seating four astronauts instead of three. For this test flight, a full-size dummy in an orange flight suit will occupy the commander's seat, rigged with vibration and acceleration sensors. Two other mannequins made of material simulating human tissue — heads and female torsos, but no limbs — will measure cosmic radiation, one of the biggest risks of spaceflight. One torso is testing a protective vest from Israel. Unlike the rocket, Orion has launched before, making two laps around Earth in 2014. This time, the European Space Agency's service module will be attached for propulsion and solar power via four wings.
Flight Plan
Orion's flight is supposed to last six weeks from its Florida liftoff to Pacific splashdown, twice as long as astronaut trips in order to tax the systems. It will take nearly a week to reach the moon, 386,000 kilometres (240,000 miles) away. After whipping closely around the moon, the capsule will enter a distant orbit with a far point of 61,000km (38,000 miles). That will put Orion 450,000km (280,000 miles) from Earth, farther than Apollo. The big test comes at mission's end, as Orion hits the atmosphere at 40,000 km/h (25,000 mph) on its way to a splashdown in the Pacific. The heat shield uses the same material as the Apollo capsules to withstand reentry temperatures of 2750 degrees Celsius (5000 degrees Fahrenheit). But the advanced design anticipates the faster, hotter returns by future Mars crews.
Hitchhikers
Besides three test dummies, the flight has a slew of stowaways for deep space research. Ten shoebox-size satellites will pop off once Orion is hurtling toward the moon. The problem is these so-called CubeSats were installed in the rocket a year ago, and the batteries for half of them couldn't be recharged as the launch kept getting delayed. Nasa expects some to fail, given the low-cost, high-risk nature of these mini-satellites.
Nasa administrator Bill Nelson takes part in an interview before the scheduled launch of the Artemis 1 rocket at the Kennedy Space Center, 24 August 2022. Photo / AP
The radiation-measuring CubeSats should be OK. Also in the clear: a solar sail demo targeting an asteroid. In a back-to-the-future salute, Orion will carry a few slivers of moon rocks collected by Apollo 11′s Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in 1969, and a bolt from one of their rocket engines, salvaged from the sea a decade ago. Aldrin isn't attending the launch, according to Nasa, but three of his former colleagues will be there: Apollo 7′s Walter Cunningham, Apollo 10′s Tom Stafford and Apollo 17′s Harrison Schmitt, the next-to-last man to walk on the moon.
Apollo vs Artemis
More than 50 years later, Apollo still stands as Nasa's greatest achievement. Using 1960s technology, Nasa took just eight years to go from launching its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, and landing Armstrong and Aldrin on the moon. By contrast, Artemis already has dragged on for more than a decade, despite building on the short-lived moon exploration programme Constellation. Twelve Apollo astronauts walked on the moon from 1969 through 1972, staying no longer than three days at a time.
For Artemis, Nasa will be drawing from a diverse astronaut pool currently numbering 42 and is extending the time crews will spend on the moon to at least a week. The goal is to create a long-term lunar presence that will grease the skids for sending people to Mars. Nasa's Nelson, promises to announce the first Artemis moon crews once Orion is back on Earth.
There's a lot more to be done before astronauts step on the moon again. A second test flight will send four astronauts around the moon and back, perhaps as early as 2024. A year or so later, Nasa aims to send another four up, with two of them touching down at the lunar south pole. Orion doesn't come with its own lunar lander like the Apollo spacecraft did, so Nasa has hired Elon Musk's SpaceX to provide its Starship spacecraft for the first Artemis moon landing. Two other private companies are developing moonwalking suits.
The sci-fi-looking Starship would link up with Orion at the moon and take a pair of astronauts to the surface and back to the capsule for the ride home. So far, Starship has only soared 10 kilometres (six miles). Musk wants to launch Starship around Earth on SpaceX's Super Heavy Booster before attempting a moon landing without a crew. One hitch: Starship will need a fill-up at an Earth-orbiting fuel depot, before heading to the moon.
