"It's really good news," said report co-chairman Paul Newman, chief Earth scientist at Nasa's Goddard Space Flight Centre. "If ozone-depleting substances had continued to increase, we would have seen huge effects. We stopped that."
High in the atmosphere, ozone shields Earth from ultraviolet rays that cause skin cancer, crop damage and other problems.
Use of man-made chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which release chlorine and bromine, began eating away at the ozone. In 1987, countries around the world agreed in the Montreal Protocol to phase out CFCs and businesses came up with replacements for spray cans and other uses.
At its worst in the late 1990s, about 10 per cent of the upper ozone layer was depleted, said Newman. Since 2000, it has increased by about 1 to 3 per cent per decade, the report said.
This year, the ozone hole over the South Pole peaked at nearly 24.8 million sq km. That's about 16 per cent smaller than the biggest hole recorded — 29.6 million sq km in 2006.
The hole reaches its peak in September and October and disappears by late December until the next Southern Hemisphere spring, Newman said.
The ozone layer starts at about 10km above Earth and stretches for nearly 40km; ozone is a colourless combination of three oxygen atoms.
If nothing had been done to stop the thinning, the world would have destroyed two-thirds of its ozone layer by 2065, Newman said.
But it's not a complete success yet, said University of Colorado's Brian Toon, who wasn't part of the report.
"We are only at a point where recovery may have started," Toon said, pointing to some ozone measurements that haven't increased yet.
Another problem is that new technology has found an increase in emissions of a banned CFC out of East Asia, the report noted.
On its own, the ozone hole has slightly shielded Antarctica from the much larger effects of global warming — it has heated up but not as much as it likely would without ozone depletion, said Ross Salawitch, a University of Maryland atmospheric scientist who co-authored the report.
So a healed ozone layer will worsen man-made climate change there a bit, Newman said.
Scientists don't know how much a healed ozone hole will further warm Antarctica, but they do know the immediate effects of ozone depletion on the world and human health, so "it would be incredibly irresponsible not to do this," Salawitch said.
And the replacements now being used to cool cars and refrigerators need to be replaced themselves with chemicals that don't worsen global warming, Newman said. An amendment to the Montreal Protocol that goes into effect next year would cut use of some of those gases.
"I don't think we can do a victory lap until 2060," Newman said. "That will be for our grandchildren to do."
- AP
