Police officers guard the official Senate guest house of Hamburg where US President Donald Trump will stay during the upcoming G-20 summit in Hamburg, Germany. Photo / AP
By Abby Phillip, Carol Morello
US President Donald Trump promised voters that he would strike "a great deal" with Russia and its autocratic President, Vladimir Putin.
He has repeatedly labelled an investigation of Russian meddling in the US elections as "a hoax," and he even bragged to Russian officials about firing the FBI director leading the probe.
Now nearly six months into his presidency, Trump is set to finally meet Putin at a summit this week in Hamburg after a stop in Warsaw, Poland - severely constrained and facing few good options that would leave him politically unscathed.
The first face to face meeting will be on Saturday NZT.
If Trump attempts to loosen sanctions against Russia for its involvement in the conflict in eastern Ukraine or its interference in the 2016 US election, Congress could defy him by pursuing even stronger penalties.
And if he offers platitudes for Putin without addressing Russia's election meddling, it will renew questions about whether Trump accepts the findings of his own intelligence officials that Russia intended to disrupt the democratic process on his behalf.
"The President is boxed in," said Nicholas Burns, a former US ambassador to Nato under President George W. Bush. "Why would you give Putin any kind of concession at the first meeting? What has he done to deserve that?"
He added, "If you try to curry favour offer concessions, pull back on the pressure, he'll take advantage. He'll see weakness in a vacuum."
Already, Moscow is clamouring for the Trump Administration to return two Russian compounds in the United States that were seized by the Obama Administration in retaliation for Russian meddling. And the Trump Administration signalled in May that it would be open to returning the properties.
Yet in the Senate, there is rare near-unanimity in favour of tough sanctions against Russia. Last month, the Senate voted 97 to 2 for a bill that would put new sanctions in place for Russia's election meddling and would constrain Trump's ability to lift existing penalties. The White House was forced to step up its lobbying of Republicans in the House to slow the progress of a similar measure.
Among the foreign policy experts who support Trump's push for improved relations with Russia, there is growing frustration that the current political climate and Trump's actions have made it all but impossible.
"It has been extraordinarily difficult for Trump, even if he had the means to do so, to do what is in the vital national interest, that is, improve relations with Russia," said Jack Matlock, a former Ambassador to the Soviet Union under President Ronald Reagan who favours improving relations with Russia. "Treating them as if they are enemies is absolutely absurd, and yet it permeates much of the attitude in Congress."
The Trump Administration, meanwhile, has been moving on multiple fronts to soften the US stance on Russia.
Trump wants Russia's cooperation in a number of simmering conflicts, including the fight against Isis (Islamic State) in Syria and Russia's use of North Korean labourers whose pay goes directly to the regime in Pyongyang, despite its nuclear weapons programme.
Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has tried to ward off Congress from imposing more sanctions on Russia for its involvement in Ukraine, saying that getting tough now could hamper cooperation on other issues like fighting Isis.
Tillerson also said last month that the Administration is not necessarily wedded to the Minsk agreement to end the fighting in Ukraine. That's a shift in position since March, when he told a meeting of Nato foreign ministers that the United States would not ease sanctions until Russia meets its Minsk commitments.
"The President asked me to begin a re-engagement process with Russia to see if we can first stabilise that relationship so it does not deteriorate further, and then can we identify areas of mutual interest where perhaps we can begin to rebuild some level of trust and some level of confidence that there are areas where we can work together," Tillerson said during a visit to New Zealand in June.
"The President has been clear to me: 'Do not let what's happening over here in the political realm prevent you from the work you need to do in this relationship.'"
It has been extraordinarily difficult for Trump, even if he had the means to do so, to do what is in the vital national interest, that is, improve relations with Russia
Despite Trump's consistent overtures to Putin, however, US-Russia relations have not improved since he took office.
Putin has strongly denied any interference in the 2016 election and has accused US politicians of Cold War-era hysteria. Russia's continued support for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's massacre of his own citizens in the country's civil war has further engendered distrust among US political leaders.
Paul Saunders, who directs the US-Russia programme at the Centre for the National Interest, said the level of mutual distrust and hostility is as bad as it was during the height of the Cold War.
"Without progress on Ukraine, I don't see how one would ease sanctions," he said. "And it's not like Russia is going to send special forces to Damascus to arrest Assad and deliver him to The Hague or to President Trump."
He has a tendency to ad-lib in these kinds of things
Trump, who has been criticised for his overly warm posture toward Putin, has not indicated how he will approach the meeting this week.
In recent months, Trump has done little to hide his frustration that his effort to pivot toward Russia has been hampered by congressional and FBI investigations, which he views as a "witch hunt" being carried out by his political enemies.
At an Oval Office meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak in May, Trump complained to the Russians about the ongoing probes into his campaign, suggesting that firing FBI Director James Comey would ease the political pressure on his administration.
"I faced great pressure because of Russia," Trump told the men, according to the New York Times. "That's taken off."
Since that meeting, Trump's Russia-related troubles have only got worse. Shortly after Trump met with the Russian officials, special counsel Robert Mueller was appointed to take over the Russia investigation and is now investigating whether Trump sought to obstruct the case by firing Comey, officials have told the Washington Post.
In light of the continued pressure from both parties, White House aides have sought to play down expectations for this first engagement between the two world leaders. But they have offered few clues about what will be on Trump's agenda, including whether he plans to raise the issue of Russia's election interference.
"There's no specific agenda," national security adviser H.R. McMaster said last week when asked whether Trump planned to confront Putin. "It's really going to be whatever the President wants to talk about.
"As the President has made it clear, he'd like the United States and the entire West to develop a more constructive relationship with Russia," McMaster added. "But he's also made clear that we will do what is necessary to confront Russia's destabilising behaviour."
There is also a risk that Trump could choose to freelance in the meeting, diverting from the more balanced objectives that his advisers have laid out for the bilateral relationship. If Trump prioritises his desire to build camaraderie with Putin as he has with other world leaders, it may put him at a stark disadvantage with a former KGB operative known for his unflagging focus on Russia's primacy.
"He has a tendency to ad-lib in these kinds of things," said former US Ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul. "He's overly focused on 'having a good meeting.' He wants to be liked, and he wants to say things are successful.
"He should know and we should understand: Putin is coming with an agenda," added McFaul, who served under President Barack Obama. "Putin is going to be prepared. If you are going to freelance it, doesn't mean he's going to. He is a very effective interlocutor."
Arab governments emphasised that the Israel, Palestinian conflict must be resolved.