Norway's Orjan Johannessen won gold after cooking for five hours and 35 minutes before a crowd of 2700.
"Everything came good on the day of the competition," said Johannessen, 29. "There was very little to separate the top three countries."
The Bocuse d'Or was started by Paul Bocuse, often described as the "chef of the century" by French food critics, in 1987.
Invariably taking place in Lyon, Bocuse's hometown, it is the world's largest culinary contest, and the winner is often referred to as the world's greatest chef. Bocuse, 89, normally hands out the prizes, but for the first time was unable to attend due to ill health.
In addition to the classic criteria, this year the chefs were judged on a new "eco-factor" - their effectiveness in limiting waste.
France's defeat came weeks after its foreign ministry launched what it called a "gastrono-diplomacy" to foil what it claimed was an "Anglo-Saxon" plot to "dethrone" it as the world's top culinary destination.