"This is an elegant study that might finally untangle what happened at the end of the Cretaceous, when the dinosaurs died," said Stephen Brusatte, a vertebrate palaeontologist at the University of Edinburgh who was not involved in the research.
The untangling began in 2012 when Hull set sail aboard the Joides Resolution, a research vessel, as part of the International Ocean Discovery Program. She and a team of scientists drilled into the seafloor below the North Atlantic and retrieved cores containing ancient ocean sediment. One of their cores came from sediment coincidentally close to the wreckage of the Titanic.
Sediment can deposit as layers, which, like the pages of a novel, can hold clues that tell the story of what the ancient world was like. In this case, it was like flipping to the last chapter of the dinosaurs' story, and finding out whether it was the meteorite or the volcanism that triggered the Cretaceous extinction.
Hull and her team drilled for layers that deposited around the time of the extinction. They knew those layers can preserve things like fossil plankton, which record information about global temperatures in the chemical makeup of their shells.
Some volcanic eruptions can emit great amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This can drive global warming that can fuel a mass extinction.
For years, such volcanic-driven warming seemed like a potential culprit because large amounts of lava erupted both before and after the extinction. With that idea in mind, Hull's team says that ancient temperatures should have been relatively high around the time of the crisis.
"We put together a global compilation of temperature change," Hull said.
The group found that global temperatures were much lower around the time of the extinction than they should have been if volcanoes were expelling large amounts of carbon dioxide. The volcanism, Hull explained, stopped seeping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere some 200,000 years before the Cretaceous ended and the age of mammals began. That means any harmful warming caused by carbon dioxide was already over by the time the meteorite hit.
Volcanoes can erupt lava without emitting large amounts of gases, "suggesting carbon dioxide and lava aren't necessarily coupled," said Michael Henehan, a geochemist at GFZ Helmholtz Center in Potsdam, Germany, a co-author of the study who led a team last year that discovered that the oceans acidified right after the asteroid hit.
This volcanism-induced warming, far-removed from the extinction, casts blame squarely on the Chicxulub event. "I'm sure the debate will rage on, because there are entrenched voices on either side," Brusatte said. "But it's getting harder and harder to fathom that the asteroid was innocent."
After the meteorite struck, volcanic eruptions in India continued. On land, mammals proliferated relatively rapidly — on the scale of hundreds of thousands of years, according to recent research. In the oceans, it took about 2 million years for sea creatures like plankton to fully recovery from the destruction.
Hull suspects the ways in which life recovered on land and in the sea may have something to do with climate change driven by the volcanism that occurred after the extinction. But the precise reason for this isn't clear.
"I don't know if it's the volcanism, or if it's the internal workings of the ecosystems themselves," she said.
For now, it's another mystery to solve about the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact.
Written by: Lucas Joel
© 2020 THE NEW YORK TIMES
