The InSight lander drilling into the surface of Mars. Illustration / Nasa, AP
Mars is about to get its first US visitor in years: a three-legged, one-armed geologist to dig deep and listen for quakes.
Nasa's InSight makes its grand entrance through the rose-tinted Martian skies on Tuesday, after a six-month, 480 million km journey.
It will be the first American spacecraft to land since the Curiosity rover in 2012 and the first dedicated to exploring underground.
Nasa is going with a tried-and-true method to get this mechanical miner to the surface of the red planet.
Engine firings will slow its final descent and the spacecraft will plop down on its rigid legs, mimicking the landings of earlier successful missions.
That's where old school ends on this US$1 billion US-European effort .
Once flight controllers in California determine the coast is clear at the landing site — fairly flat and rock free — InSight's 1.8m arm will remove the two main science experiments from the lander's deck and place them directly on the Martian surface.
No spacecraft has attempted anything like that before.
The firsts don't stop there.
One experiment will attempt to penetrate 5m into Mars, using a self-hammering nail with heat sensors to gauge the planet's internal temperature.
That would shatter the out-of-this-world depth record of 2 ½m drilled by the Apollo moonwalkers nearly a half-century ago for lunar heat measurements.
The astronauts also left behind instruments to measure moonquakes. InSight carries the first seismometers to monitor for marsquakes — if they exist. Yet another experiment will calculate Mars' wobble, providing clues about the planet's core.
It won't be looking for signs of life, past or present. No life detectors are on board.
The spacecraft is like a self-sufficient robot, said lead scientist Bruce Banerdt of Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"It's got its own brain. It's got an arm that can manipulate things around. It can listen with its seismometer. It can feel things with the pressure sensors and the temperature sensors. It pulls its own power out of the sun," he said.
By scoping out the insides of Mars, scientists could learn how our neighbour — and other rocky worlds, including the Earth and moon — formed and transformed over billions of years. Mars is much less geologically active than Earth, and so its interior is closer to being in its original state — a tantalising time capsule.
InSight stands to "revolutionise the way we think about the inside of the planet," said Nasa's science mission chief, Thomas Zurbuchen.
But first, the 360kg vehicle needs to get safely to the Martian surface.
This time, there won't be a ball bouncing down with the spacecraft tucked inside, like there were for the Spirit and Opportunity rovers in 2004. And there won't be a sky crane to lower the lander like there was for the six-wheeled Curiosity during its dramatic "seven minutes of terror".
"That was crazy," acknowledged InSight's project manager, Tom Hoffman. But he noted, "Any time you're trying to land on Mars, it's crazy, frankly. I don't think there's a sane way to do it."
NASA's new Mars lander is in for 'seven minutes of terror' on Monday https://t.co/XPYrYEld8z pic.twitter.com/V30fDlavy4
— Popular Science (@PopSci) November 20, 2018
No matter how it's done, getting to Mars and landing there is hard — and unforgiving.
Earth's success rate at Mars is a mere 40 per cent. That includes planetary flybys dating back to the early 1960s, as well as orbiters and landers.
While it's had its share of flops, the US has by far the best track record. No one else has managed to land and operate a spacecraft on Mars. Two years ago, a European lander came in so fast, its descent system askew, that it carved out a crater on impact.
This time, Nasa is borrowing a page from the 1976 twin Vikings and the 2008 Phoenix, which also were stationary and three-legged.
"But you never know what Mars is going to do," Hoffman said. "Just because we've done it before doesn't mean we're not nervous and excited about doing it again."
Wind gusts could send the spacecraft into a dangerous tumble during descent, or the parachute could get tangled. A dust storm like the one that enveloped Mars this past summer could hamper InSight's ability to generate solar power. A leg could buckle. The arm could jam.
I left Earth on Cinco de Mayo and now I’m 5⃣ days away from landing on #Mars on Nov. 26 (Cyber Monday). Will you be watching my #MarsLanding? 👀 How and where to watch: https://t.co/zgp2Yw01G3 pic.twitter.com/dd6kvkUfkS
— NASA InSight (@NASAInSight) November 20, 2018
THE LANDING: HOW IT WILL HAPPEN
The tensest time for flight controllers in Pasadena, California: The six minutes from the time the spacecraft hits Mars' atmosphere and touchdown.
InSight will enter Mars' atmosphere at a supersonic 19,800 km/h, relying on its white nylon parachute and a series of engine firings to slow down enough for a soft upright landing on Mars' Elysium Planitia, a sizable equatorial plain.
The flatter the better so the lander doesn't tip over, ending the mission, and so the robotic arm can set the science instruments down.
ON THE GROUND
inSight — short for Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport — will rest close to the ground, its top deck barely a metre above the surface.
Once its twin circular solar panels open, the lander will occupy the space of a large car.
It will be at least 10 weeks before the science instruments are deployed. Add another several weeks for the heat probe to bury into Mars.
The mission is designed to last one full Martian year, the equivalent of two Earth years.
FIRST PICTURES
If Nasa gets lucky, a pair of briefcase-size satellites trailing InSight since their joint May liftoff could provide near-live updates during the lander's descent. There's an eight-minute lag in communications between Earth and Mars.
The experimental CubeSats, dubbed WALL-E and EVE from the 2008 animated movie, will zoom past Mars and remain in perpetual orbit around the sun, their technology demonstration complete.
If WALL-E and EVE are mute, landing news will come from Nasa orbiters at Mars, just not as quickly.
The first pictures of the landing site should start flowing shortly after touchdown.
- AP
Dear internet: next week we're landing on Mars. Here's everything you need to know. https://t.co/s9D2oX5NlO pic.twitter.com/BnAzQBMhRL
— The Oatmeal (@Oatmeal) November 20, 2018
This is it! Picked after a lengthy search, Jezero Crater on #Mars has many things we hope to explore by landing our #Mars2020 rover there. In this crater, ancient water carved channels & transported sediments to form fans + deltas we want to learn about: https://t.co/ppfcAbw3fz pic.twitter.com/FIn1DivG9I
— NASA (@NASA) November 19, 2018
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