And among the large Iranian diaspora, there is not only no consensus, but often bitter rivalries that have only grown.
“What we have seen is that the opposition has become increasingly polarised,” said Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam, director of the Norway-based Iran Human Rights NGO.
The organisation held a conference last year bringing together more than a dozen opposition groups - some of which had never been under the same roof - aimed at rallying them around commitments to human rights principles in a post-Islamic-republic Iran.
But while the 2022-2023 Woman, Life, Freedom movement in the country was marked by a healthy dose of solidarity, he told AFP, that has “completely changed”.
‘No clear consensus’
The latest protest movement in Iran, which posed the greatest challenge to the Islamic republic in years, saw demonstrators chant the name of Reza Pahlavi - the eldest son of the shah ousted by the 1979 Islamic revolution that brought the clerical leadership to power.
US-based Pahlavi has presented himself as a leader for a democratic transition in Iran, but while he “retains a constituency”, Vaez said, “there is no clear consensus that he is the right figure to rally the various camps”.
He also remains controversial - criticised for his support of Israel and for not distancing himself from his father’s autocratic rule.
His supporters have attacked other opposition figures online and clashed with the spectrum of ethnic minority opposition groups, who experts say wouldn’t accept Pahlavi.
The People’s Mujahedin Organisation of Iran (MEK) - one-time allies of the revolution now outlawed and considered “terrorist” by Tehran -organised rallies under the slogan “No Shah, No Mullahs” during the recent protests and the ensuing crackdown that left thousands dead and imprisoned.
The opposition group seeks to portray itself as a leading Iranian force, but it is reviled by many for having fought on Iraq’s side against Iran in a war in the 1980s.
The MEK and Pahlavi have supporters among US politicians, but Trump has not thrown his weight behind anyone.
‘Somebody from within’
Asked yesterday about Pahlavi, Trump was tepid.
“Some people like him, and we haven’t been thinking too much about that,” he told reporters.
He instead suggested Washington would prefer to back someone inside the country, drawing comparisons with the recent US toppling of Venezuela’s president while keeping its heavily criticised ruling system intact.
“It would seem to me that somebody from within [Iran] maybe would be more appropriate” than Pahlavi, Trump said.
“Somebody that’s there, that’s currently popular if there’s such a person. But we have people like that. People that were more moderate.”
However, Trump did not have a clear alternative.
“Most of the people we had in mind are dead,” he said, going on to slam the US strategy in Iraq after the 2003 US invasion, where “stupidly everybody was fired”.
For Vaez, this is not unexpected.
“Given that most opposition groups lack meaningful networks or operational capacity inside Iran, it is hardly surprising that Trump appears to treat elements within the existing power structure as more consequential actors than their exiled rivals,” he said.
Pahlavi has urged Iranians to be ready to take to the streets again, and the MEK announced a provisional government after Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was killed.
But some Iranians who risked their lives in recent protests against the Government could not see beyond ousting the Islamic republic.
“For now we just want to get rid of this government,” one protester told AFP during the peak of the movement in January.
“Afterwards we will sit and think about what comes next.”
-Agence France-Presse
