The crowning glory was her tiara with aquamarine focal point which the Queen commissioned from the royal jeweller Garrard in 1957.
The Australian PM sat to the Queen's right at the head table at Perth's Pan Pacific hotel.
Her partner Tim Mathieson was seated at a nearby table which included Prince Philip and British Prime Minister David Cameron.
Mr Cameron earlier had announced a trust fund to finance public celebrations for the Queen's diamond jubilee next year, to which Ms Gillard said Australia would contribute.
The Australian PM said the Commonwealth stood strong, with its values clear and its future assured.
Delegates raised golden goblets when she proposed a toast to a "remarkable woman of duty and courage".
In the briefest of speeches in reply, the Queen told Commonwealth leaders: "I know you have a very busy agenda and I hope this occasion provides you all with the opportunity to relax.
"I am very pleased to be with you and I wish you every success in your discussions over the coming days."
The Commonwealth leaders and their spouses dined on an entree of crispy skinned barramundi in spring onion and ginger sauce, followed by a main course of lamb, baby root vegetables, fondant potatoes and salad.
Dessert was a lemongrass milk chocolate mousse with lychee sorbet and blueberry reduction.
- AAP