The seller sent an intermediary to meet a 53-year old Serbian woman, one of the accused, who arrived by taxi.
When asked to return the gem until confirmation that payment had been wired, she managed to replace the real diamond with a fake in the same case and place the precious gem into a bag with a false bottom.
She left and then handed the real jewel over to accomplices and vanished.
The gang are also suspected of stealing gems worth between €7m and €15m in Barcelona, as well as conducting thefts in Austria and taking €185,000 from a vintage car collector in Zurich, Switzerland.
Police in Besançon netted the thieves after monitoring some gang members suspected of committing "rip deals" - a type of robbery where one party makes off with the money as well as the items.
The scam involved wads of fake banknotes with a few real ones on top to lure unsuspecting parties into handing over their goods.