KEY POINTS:
ELMINA - For many, it was their last glimpse of Africa.
Pushed through the "Door of No Return", millions of Africans were shipped from places like this whitewashed fort in Elmina, Ghana, to a life of slavery in Brazil, the Caribbean and America.
A band of light from
that same door now cuts across a small, dank room crowded with about 30 tourists.
"We are very lucky. Today we can go back out of this room the way we came," says Robert Kugbey, their softly-spoken guide.
As Britain marks the bicentenary of its abolition of the slave trade on March 25, Ghanaians are still coming to terms with slavery's impact on their country's development, and the role Africans played in the capture and sale of fellow Africans.
The view from Elmina, built by the Portuguese in 1482 and later held by the Dutch and the British, is picturesque, with fishing boats bobbing in the sea off a white sand beach lined with palm trees.
But Elmina has a brutal history - shared with other slave forts on West Africa's coast, ports in Western Europe and what was then known as the New World, the Americas - in a triangular trade that fuelled Europe's colonial empires.
Sometimes sold by rival tribes, or captured during local wars, African slaves could face a long forced trek to the coast or weeks in a coastal dungeon before a lengthy sea voyage packed in the hold of a European ship.
Somewhere between 10 and 28 million Africans are believed to have been shipped across the Atlantic between the 15th and 19th centuries.
Many died on the way. Those who survived endured a life of drudgery on sugar, tobacco and cotton plantations.
In the airy heights of what was once the governor's chambers, Kugbey tells a rapt audience stories that never lose their power to horrify, no matter how often told.
Stepping on to his balcony in the evening, the governor would choose a female slave from the yard below.
"Any time he wanted to rape one of the slaves, he looked through and picked one," Kugbey said.
About 150 of the castle's 1000 inhabitants, of which 400 were women, lived in this dungeon, the only ventilation provided by a single porthole.
"When they died they were thrown into the sea. They said if they gave them good food, they would fight. Some refused to eat, they preferred to die," said Kugbey.
On the fort's upper floors, above the bodies in chains, the governor and his soldiers prayed in a chapel.
"After buying and selling human beings, they came here and prayed to God. Where was God at that time?"
British involvement with the slave trade did not end with the 1807 abolition, and a more stringent abolition law followed in 1833. Slavery continued in other countries too.
Governments of countries most responsible for the slave trade have skirted around that prickly chapter of their history, wary of strengthening the case for huge financial compensation some say they should pay the descendants of slavery's victims.
"They owe us an apology, they have to compensate us. They took our men, those who were gifted, who could learn. They could have stayed and improved things here. It was a brain-drain," said Alex Adi Aboagye, a 65-year-old Ghanaian farmer visiting Elmina for the first time.
Some people say the loss of generations of men and women to slavery is partly to blame for modern Africa's economic and development problems.
Yet Africans too played a role in slavery, a trade which existed before the arrival of the Europeans, said Kugbey.
For many African traders, it was a simple question of money.
"We were enticed. You can take the money or you can refuse. We took the money," said Richard Noi, a 28-year-old teacher.
Key dates
1444 - First public sale of African slaves in Lagos, Portugal.
1482 - Portuguese start building first permanent slave trading post at Elmina, Gold Coast, now Ghana.
1510 - First slaves arrive in the Spanish colonies of South America.
1518 - First direct shipment of slaves from Africa to the Americas.
1777 - State of Vermont becomes first sovereign state to abolish slavery.
1819 - Portugal abolishes slave trade north of the equator.
1833 - Britain passes Abolition of Slavery Act.
1862 - Abraham Lincoln proclaims emancipation of slaves with effect from January 1, 1863; 13th Amendment of US Constitution follows in 1865 banning slavery.
1926 - League of Nations adopts Slavery Convention abolishing slavery.
1948 - United Nations adopts Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including article stating "No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms."
- REUTERS
