Usuga, better known by his alias Otoniel, is the alleged head of the much-feared Gulf Clan, whose army of assassins has terrorised much of northern Colombia to gain control of major cocaine smuggling routes through thick jungles north to Central America and on to the United States.
He's long been a fixture on the US Drug Enforcement Administration's most-wanted fugitives list, for whose capture it had been offering a US$5 million (NZ$7 million) reward. He was first indicted in 2009, in Manhattan federal court, on narcotics charges and for allegedly providing assistance to a far-right paramilitary group designated a terrorist organisation by the US government. Later indictments in Brooklyn and Miami federal courts accused him of importing into the US at least 73 tonnes of cocaine between 2003 and 2014 through countries that included Venezuela, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, and Honduras.
But, like many of his gunmen, he's also cycled through the ranks of several guerrilla groups, most recently claiming to lead the Gaitanist Self Defence Forces of Colombia, after a mid-20th-century Colombian leftist firebrand.
Authorities said intelligence provided by the US and UK led more than 500 soldiers and members of Colombia's special forces to Usuga's jungle hideout, which was protected by eight rings of security.
Usuga for years flew under the radar of authorities by eschewing the high profile of Colombia's better-known narcos.
He and his brother, who was killed in a raid in 2012, got their start as gunmen for the now-defunct leftist guerrilla group known as the Popular Liberation Army, and later switched sides and joined the rebels' battlefield enemies, a right-wing paramilitary group.
He refused to disarm when that militia signed a peace treaty with the government in 2006, instead delving deeper into Colombia's criminal underworld and setting up operations in the strategic Gulf of Uraba region in northern Colombia, a major drug corridor surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea on either side.
Leaks and a network of rural safe houses he supposedly moved among every night allowed him for years to resist a scorched-earth campaign by the military against the Gulf Clan. As he defied authorities, his legend as a bandit grew alongside the horror stories told by Colombian authorities of the many underage women he and his cohorts allegedly abused sexually.
But the war was taking its toll on the 50-year-old fugitive who, even while on the run, insisted on sleeping on orthopaedic mattresses to ease a back injury. In 2017, he showed his face for the first time on the occasion of Pope Francis' visit to the country, publishing a video in which he asked for his group be allowed to lay down its weapons and demobilise as part of the country's peace process with the much-larger Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia.
His arrest is a boost for the conservative Duque, whose law-and-order rhetoric has been no match for the soaring production of cocaine.
Land dedicated to the production of coca — the raw ingredient of cocaine — jumped 16 per cent last year to a record 245,000ha, a level unseen in two decades of US eradication efforts, according to a White House report.
