In this 2016 file photo, a haul truck with a 250-ton capacity carries coal after being loaded from a nearby mechanised shovel at the Spring Creek strip mine. Photo / AP
In the coal fields of eastern Montana, climate change is forcing a stark choice: halt mining that helped build everything from schools to senior centers or risk astronomical future damage as fossil fuel emissions warm the planet and increase disasters, crop losses and premature deaths.
One of the largest mines in this arid region straddling the Wyoming border is Spring Creek - a gaping hole among sagebrush hills where house-sized mechanical shovels dig up millions of tons of coal annually, much of it shipped overseas and burned in Asian power plants.
Spring Creek's hundreds of jobs help undergird the economy of the Crow Indian Reservation and nearby parts of Wyoming. In Big Horn County, encompassing most of the reservation, taxes and royalties from coal fund almost two-thirds of government services. It's one of the most coal-dependent communities in America.
"Everything's got coal dust on it," said county commissioner George Real Bird III, referring to civic projects coal money has financed since Spring Creek opened 40 years ago.
Greenhouse gas emissions from burning that coal also stoke climate change, and President Joe Biden's administration wants to put a cost on the resulting damages to people and the environment. Highlighting the "social cost of carbon" could justify emission reduction rules for fossil fuels, transportation and other industries.
But a federal judge in Louisiana temporarily halted such efforts this month and blocked the administration from using an interim standard of $51 in damages per ton of carbon dioxide emitted.
The White House had been preparing to update its climate damage price tag in coming weeks. Many economists expected the figure to increase dramatically and even double. Republicans and business groups argued the emphasis on future climate damages would hobble the economy, particularly the energy industry.
For Spring Creek, applying the administration's carbon cost would yield estimated damages of more than $1 billion annually from a federal government coal sale that would keep it mining at least another few years.
It's an eye-popping number from just one of 15 mines dotting the Powder River Basin of Montana and Wyoming. But, after a federal judge in Montana ruled that the government overstated the mine's economic benefits, the Biden administration is weighing the climate costs and reconsidering the mine's permit.
Environmentalists want the department to stop an ongoing Spring Creek expansion and end mining. Their goal is to use the social cost of carbon to deny fossil fuel projects, not just to inform rules and policies as in the past.
Climate change already is being felt in this sparsely populated region -- where recurring droughts hit farms and ranches, lower river levels harm fishing and massive wildfires rip across the landscape.
"The impacts just from the greenhouse gas emissions from burning this coal are tremendous," said attorney Shiloh Hernandez with the Western Environmental Law Center, representing environmentalists against mining. "These are real impacts that cause real harm to real people."
Pending the permit review, Spring Creek keeps digging — 13 million tons last year as Powder River Basin coal prices reached record levels when the economy rebounded from its early-pandemic slump. The mine is owned by a Navajo corporation that became the third largest US coal producer when it took over bankrupt Cloud Peak Energy three years ago.
Spokesperson Erny Zah said the Navajo Transitional Energy Company values responsible mining and balances the environment against the economic needs of people around Spring Creek.
Local officials aren't counting on coal's recent bump to last: Over the past decade, US demand plummeted and dreams of shipping more coal overseas were blocked by West Coast states. A mine next to Spring Creek closed in early 2021.
Worried Big Horn County commissioners enlisted accountant Michael Opie eight years ago to help navigate the industry's collapse. At the time, he figured coal had about 10 years left. He won't offer a prediction anymore.
After cutbacks hit key services such as maintenance of 1609km of gravel roads, the county's shifting the tax burden on to local residents to keep its sheriff's office and other departments functioning.
"We've had to ... basically boil down government to the bare minimum," Real Bird said.
Spring Creek contributed $23 million in local and state taxes and other payments last year, Zah said. The company expects 2022 to be good for coal but is bracing for another downturn — halting new equipment investment and planning to shift workers into mine reclamation jobs.
The Obama administration first adopted the social cost of carbon and used it more than 80 times in cost-benefit analyses for government rules, including tightened vehicle emissions standards and regulations aimed at shuttering coal plants.
In seeking to roll back those rules, the Trump administration cut the social cost of carbon to $7 or less per ton. The lower number included only domestic climate impacts and not global damages, making it harder to justify expensive rules for industry.
Biden restored Obama's $51-ton estimate on an interim basis and signaled an even higher number would be adopted. On Saturday, the administration appealed the Febraury 11 court ruling that blocked use of the social cost of carbon, saying it could affect more than 30 pending rules, delay permits and leasing for federal fossil fuel reserves and undermine international climate talks by silencing US officials on the topic.
"It's a little shocking to see all of the impacted actions," said Romany Webb, a Columbia Law School researcher focused on climate change.
Republican attorneys general led by Louisiana's Jeff Landry warned of more burdensome rules across daily life if the administration prevails — including for home appliances, vehicles and electricity. They called the use of the carbon cost possibly "the most significant regulatory encroachment upon individual liberty and state sovereignty in American history."
But many economists say rationally confronting climate change means weighing its future costs in today's decisions.
The $51-ton estimate came from climate models developed by three economists in the 1990s.
Two of them - William Nordhaus at Yale University and Richard Tol at the University of Sussex in the UK - say updated models show more damage than previously expected.
"Estimates are higher ... because we now better understand the impact of climate change on labour productivity - the human body cannot work hard when it is hot and humid," Tol said.
Nordhaus in a recent study reported a "substantial increase" in the social cost of carbon -- up to twice previous estimates. He predicted trillions of dollars in damages, equating to 2 per cent of global income based on warming of 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit).
However, some economists say the models fail to capture complexities of climate change that could result in less damage than feared.
"You have to model the global climate system, you have to model the global economy and you have to do it for centuries. There's an enormous amount of uncertainty," said Steve Rose, a senior economist at the Electric Power Research Institute, a non-profit organization funded by utilities and government contracts.
Despite debate over the correct dollar value for climate damage, previous court rulings made clear that future impacts must be considered in some fashion, Rose and several legal experts said.
With much of Biden's climate agenda stalled in Congress, the issue could take center stage if the administration uses executive branch rules to limit industry emissions, said Michael Greenstone, former chief economist for the White House Council of Economic Advisers.
"Climate science and climate economics have advanced rapidly," said Greenstone, who helped establish the Obama carbon cost and now believes a major increase is warranted. "It would be easy to justify a value of around $200-a-ton that would represent the frontier of our understanding."
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