Houli Chemlal's initial testimony to Judge Fernando Andreu in a closed Madrid courtroom today was reported widely by Spanish media and sourced to a court official. The judicial source requested anonymity because he was not permitted to brief reporters on the proceedings before a special anti-terrorism tribunal, where the judge is to decide on charges and whether the defendants can be freed on bail.
At least two of the defendants, through their families and friends in Ripoll, have said they were unwitting participants - that they simply rented vans one thought was for moving or sold airline tickets and transferred money.
Houli Chemlal was shown being escorted into the court by police, shackled, with one arm bandaged and wearing hospital pyjamas. He is the lone survivor of an explosion that destroyed a house in Alcanar south of Barcelona.
Police say the Alcanar house contained 120 tanks for propane gas, alongside residue of a bomb-making material known as TATP and remote-controlled detonators.
In an earlier briefing with reporters, Josep Lluís Trapero, chief of the Catalan national police, said that his investigators assumed the explosion in Alcanar was an accident, which killed the imam and triggered the cell to launch the vehicular attacks on Friday.
In the first, police say that Younes Abouyaaquob, 22, drove a white rental van down La Rambla avenue and killed 13 in a boulevard crowded with international tourists and locals. An hour later, police said, Abouyaaquob stabbed a motorist to death and used his car as a getaway vehicle. Later, five members of the cell drove into a crowd near a police checkpoint and killed a woman bystander.
Catalan officials said their investigation was swift and successful, and Trapero said it was dirty politics to place blame on police instead of the terrorists.
Still, there appeared to have been missed opportunities.
The Moroccan imam alleged to be at the heart of the conspiracy, Abdelbaki Essati, was sent to prison for four years, from 2010 to 2014, for smuggling hashish into Spain.
A counterterrorism officer in Spain, who requested anonymity to share background information on an open investigation, said Essati had a pending deportation order.
The director of the mosque where Essati preached and taught children Arabic and the Koran said they passed his name to local police as part of Spain's programme to monitor the mosques.
A Spanish police adviser noted that Essati's name appeared, but just once, on page 70 of a Justice Ministry report on the arrest of five men in a town south of Barcelona, on charges of recruiting local youths to fight in Iraq.
The president of the Catalan region, Carles Puigdemont, brushed aside criticism of the local forces, saying now was not the time to air grievances between Catalonia and the national government in Madrid.
But Puigdemont told the Washington Post that information about a suspicious imam "was not in the hands of the Catalan police".
The regional president added that forces here have been denied membership in Europol, which coordinates Europe's response to transnational terrorism, as well as Spain's anti-terrorism centre.
"Information reaches us now through the Spanish police, but we do not yet have our own intelligence agency, we don't have it," he said.
Puigdemont said there are 200,000 Moroccan immigrants living in Catalonia. "If 200,000 people were radicalised, we'd have a very serious problem, but they aren't all radical. They are our neighbours and therefore, the Catalan society, which is very diverse, is working well."
Counterterrorism officials last year issued an alert warning that Spain was consistently mentioned in propaganda material produced by Isis (Islamic State), which has claimed its soldiers were behind the recent attack. In 2004, bombings on the Madrid rail system killed 191 people and injured about 2000. Spanish officials blamed an al-Qaeda cell.
After the explosion in Alcanar, police and firefighters did not suspect that a terrorist cell was making bombs. Instead, they thought that thieves were dealing in stolen propane tanks - or that perhaps drug dealers were manufacturing methamphetamine.
As it turned out, two bodies were recovered from the site. Police think one is that of the imam and are awaiting final DNA confirmation.
Telling, too, is that the fact the Houli Chemlal was found wounded there but was not interviewed as a serious suspect in the terrorism case until the van attack in Barcelona.
