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NUSA DUA, Indonesia - Nearly 200 nations have agreed at UN-led talks in Bali to launch negotiations on a new pact to fight global warming after a reversal by the United States allowed a breakthrough.
Washington said the agreement marked a new chapter in climate diplomacy after six
years of disputes with major allies since President George W. Bush pulled out of the Kyoto Protocol, the main existing plan for combating warming.
"This is the defining moment for me and my mandate as secretary-general," UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said after making a return trip to Bali to implore delegates to overcome deadlock after the talks ran a day into overtime.
Ban had been on a visit to East Timor. "I am deeply grateful to many member states for their spirit of flexibility and compromise," Ban told Reuters.
The Bali meeting approved a "roadmap" for two years of talks to adopt a new treaty to succeed Kyoto beyond 2012, widening it to the United States and developing nations such as China and India. Under the deal, a successor pact will be agreed at a meeting in Copenhagen in late 2009.
The deal after two weeks of talks came when the United States dramatically dropped opposition to a proposal by the main developing-nation bloc, the G77, for rich nations to do more to help the developing world fight rising greenhouse emissions.
The United States is the leading greenhouse gas emitter, ahead of China, Russia and India.
Indonesian Environment Minister Rachmat Witoelar, the host of the talks, banged down the gavel on the deal to rapturous applause from weary delegates.
"All three things I wanted have come out of these talks -- launch, agenda, end date," Yvo de Boer, head of the UN Climate Change Secretariat, told reporters.
The accord marks a step towards slowing global warming that the UN climate panel says is caused by human activities led by burning fossil fuels that produce carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas.
Scientists say rising temperatures could cause seas to rise sharply, glaciers to melt, storms and droughts to become more intense and mass migration of climate refugees.
"The US has been humbled by the overwhelming message by developing countries that they are ready to be engaged with the problem, and it's been humiliated by the world community. I've never seen such a flip-flop in an environmental treaty context ever," said Bill Hare of Greenpeace.
The European Union, which dropped earlier objections to the draft text, was pleased with the deal.
"It was exactly what we wanted. We are indeed very pleased," said Humberto Rosa, head of the European Union delegation.
German Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel was cautiously optimistic.
"Bali has laid the foundations ...it was hard work and exhausting. But the real work starts now," he said in Bali.
But a leading Indian environmentalist was disappointed.
"At the end of the day, we got an extremely weak agreement," said Sunita Narain, head of the Centre for Science and the Environment in New Delhi. "It's obvious the US is not learning to be alive to world opinion."
Agreement by 2009 would give governments time to ratify the pact and give certainty to markets and investors wanting to switch to cleaner energy technologies, such as wind turbines and solar panels.
Kyoto binds all industrial countries except the United States to cut emissions of greenhouse gases between 2008 and 2012. Developing nations are exempt and the new negotiations will seek to bind all countries to emission curbs from 2013.
In a day of drama and emotional speeches, nations had berated and booed the US representatives for holding out. A wave of relief swept the room when the United States relented.
"The United States is very committed to this effort and just wants to really ensure we all act together," said Paula Dobriansky, head of the US delegation.
"With that, Mr Chairman, let me say to you we will go forward and join consensus," she said to cheers and claps.
James Connaughton, chairman of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, said: "This is not a step taken alone by America. This is a step taken by all the countries that the time had come to open a new chapter."
- REUTERS
