A supernova destroyed some of Earth’s ozone for a few minutes in 2022

An artist’s concept of a burst of gamma rays — which are invisible — provoking a disturbance in Earth’s ionosphere. Image / ESA/ATG Europe via The New York Times

On October 9, 2022, telescopes in space picked up a jet of high-energy photons careering through the cosmos toward Earth, evidence of a supernova exploding 1.9 billion light-years away. Such events are known as gamma ray bursts, and astronomers who have continued studying this one said it was the “brightest of all time”.

Now, a team of scientists has discovered that this burst caused a measurable change in the number of ionised particles found in Earth’s upper atmosphere, including ozone molecules, which readily absorb harmful solar radiation.

“The ozone was partially depleted — was destroyed temporarily,” said Pietro Ubertini, an astronomer at the National Institute of Astrophysics in Rome who was involved in discovering the atmospheric event. The effect was detectable for just a few minutes before the ozone repaired itself, so it was “nothing serious”, Ubertini said. But had the supernova occurred closer to us, he said, “it would be a catastrophe”.

The discovery, reported on Tuesday in a paper published in the journal Nature Communications, demonstrates how even explosions that occur far from our solar system can influence the atmosphere, which can be used as a giant detector for extreme cosmic phenomena.

Most atmospheric ozone is concentrated in a thin layer of the stratosphere, about 16 to 40 kilometres above Earth’s surface. It was in this region that researchers discovered a hole in the ozone above Antarctica, largely resulting from the use of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons that were once found in aerosol sprays and plastic foam. The ozone layer absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from our sun that can cause sunburns, skin cancer and crop damage.

Simulations have shown that a gamma ray burst in the Milky Way galaxy could wipe out the stratospheric ozone layer for years, long enough to cause widespread extinction.

Most atmospheric ozone is concentrated in a thin layer of the stratosphere, about 16 to 40 kilometres above Earth’s surface. Photo / Maksim Shmeljov

Ozone also exists at lower concentrations higher up in the ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere that stretches from 59 to 499km altitude. At those altitudes, it has some protective effect, but much less than at lower heights.

To study the effects of last year’s gamma ray burst on Earth, Ubertini and his colleagues looked for signals at the top of the ionosphere using data from the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite, an orbiter designed to study changes in the atmosphere during earthquakes.

They identified a sharp jump in the electric field at the top of the ionosphere, which they correlated to the gamma ray burst signal measured by the European Space Agency’s International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, a mission that launched in 2002 to observe radiation from faraway celestial objects.

The researchers found that the electric field rose by a factor of 60 as gamma rays ionised (essentially knocking away electrons from) ozone and nitrogen molecules high in the atmosphere. Once ionised, the molecule is unable to absorb any ultraviolet radiation, temporarily exposing Earth to more of the sun’s damaging rays.

Gamma ray bursts have been known to ionise molecules at the bottom of the ionosphere, up to about 346km above Earth’s surface. But this is the first time scientists have proved that cosmic explosions like this can affect the entire ionosphere, according to Laura Hayes, a solar physicist at the European Space Agency who was not involved in the study.

It is uncommon for faraway cosmic phenomena to cause such large atmospheric disturbances, Hayes added. “Fortunately for us, this gamma ray burst was extremely distant, making its effects more of a scientific curiosity than a threat,” she wrote in an email.

According to Ubertini, if the gamma ray burst was 1 million times larger, it could have ionised enough ozone to weaken the protective barrier for days or months.

But the chances of that happening are low, he said. Bursts as powerful as the one that exploded last year are rare, occurring only once every 10,000 years. And because the gamma rays stream out of supernovae as jets, they also have to be oriented in just the right direction to hit Earth.

Still, knowing how the ionosphere responds to any cosmic phenomena is important for threats that are closer to home. “It helps us gauge the recovery time following significant ionisation, especially in scenarios involving intense solar flares from our sun,” Hayes said.

The good news is that the ozone repairs itself: eventually, the freed electrons are recaptured by ionised molecules in the air. In this case, part of the shield that protects Earth from the formidable dangers of space was restored, keeping the planet and its inhabitants safe a while longer from the deadly radiation the sun would otherwise send our way.

This article originally appeared in The New York Times.

Written by: Katrina Miller

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